Alopecia Areata: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, And Therapies

April 2025 in “ MedComm ”

Tianyou Ma, Tingrui Zhang, Fengze Miao, Jun Liu, Quangang Zhu, Zhongjian Chen, Zongguang Tai, Zhigao He

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing unpredictable hair loss, influenced by immune dysregulation, genetics, and environmental factors. Despite advances in identifying these contributors, gaps remain in understanding AA's molecular mechanisms and developing effective treatments. This review explores the immunological, genetic, and environmental aspects of AA, evaluates diagnostic methods, and discusses traditional and emerging therapies. It synthesizes current knowledge to provide insights for future research and clinical practice, aiming to improve understanding and management of this challenging condition.

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research Biomarkers of Alopecia Areata Disease Activity and Response to Corticosteroid Treatment

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68 citations , November 2015 in “The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

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research Functional Interpretation of Genome-Wide Association Study Evidence in Alopecia Areata

55 citations , October 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

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Alopecia areata involves immune activation in the scalp, suggesting treatments targeting TH1, TH2, and IL-23 pathways.

research Evaluation of Serum Zinc Level in Patients With Newly Diagnosed and Resistant Alopecia Areata

52 citations , July 2015 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Patients with alopecia areata have lower zinc levels, and zinc supplements might help.

research Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib

184 citations , February 2015 in “EBioMedicine”

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62 citations , January 2015 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

New genetic discoveries may lead to better treatments for alopecia areata.

research Bimatoprost Versus Mometasone Furoate in the Treatment of Scalp Alopecia Areata: A Pilot Study

36 citations , January 2015 in “Dermatology”

Bimatoprost was found to be safer and more effective than mometasone furoate for treating scalp hair loss.

research Macrophages Contribute to the Cyclic Activation of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

175 citations , December 2014 in “PLoS Biology”

Macrophages help activate hair follicle stem cells, affecting hair growth and skin repair.

research Investigation of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alopecia Areata and Its Relationship with Disease Severity, Duration, Recurrence, and Pattern

35 citations , December 2014 in “Clinical and experimental dermatology”

Oxidative stress may play a role in causing alopecia areata.

research The PDE4 Inhibitor, Apremilast, Suppresses Experimentally Induced Alopecia Areata in Human Skin In Vivo

52 citations , December 2014 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Apremilast may help treat hair loss in alopecia areata.

research Alopecia Universalis Successfully Treated With Adalimumab

37 citations , October 2014 in “JAMA dermatology”

A woman with severe hair loss was successfully treated with the drug adalimumab.

research Alopecia Areata Is Driven by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Is Reversed by JAK Inhibition

701 citations , August 2014 in “Nature medicine”

Alopecia areata can be reversed by JAK inhibitors, promoting hair regrowth.

research Evaluation and Diagnosis of the Hair Loss Patient

69 citations , August 2014 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Trichoscopy is a quick, cost-effective tool for diagnosing different hair loss conditions.

research Hair-Growth Promoting Effect of Microneedle Roller Therapy

3 citations , February 2014 in “Dong-ui saengni byeongni hakoeji”

Microneedle roller therapy could help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth.

research Alopecia Areata: Successful Outcome with Microneedling and Triamcinolone Acetonide

53 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery”

Microneedling combined with triamcinolone can safely stimulate faster hair regrowth in people with Alopecia Areata.

research Somatostatin Expression in Human Hair Follicles and Its Potential Role in Immune Privilege

27 citations , January 2013 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Somatostatin may help protect hair follicles from immune attacks.

research British Association of Dermatologists’ Guidelines for the Management of Alopecia Areata 2012

218 citations , April 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Guidelines suggest various treatments for alopecia areata, but leaving it untreated is also an option as 80% cases may recover on their own.

Diffuse Alopecia Areata Is Associated With Intense Inflammatory Infiltration and CD8+ T Cells in Hair Loss Regions and an Increase in Serum IgE Level

research Diffuse Alopecia Areata Is Associated With Intense Inflammatory Infiltration and CD8+ T Cells in Hair Loss Regions and an Increase in Serum IgE Level

24 citations , January 2012 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology”

Diffuse alopecia areata involves more inflammation and higher allergy-related antibodies than patchy types.

research Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) May Award Relative Protection from Interferon-γ-Induced Collapse of Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege

47 citations , December 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

CGRP may help protect hair follicles from immune system attacks, potentially slowing hair loss.

research Alopecia Areata Incognita

14 citations , November 2011 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Alopecia Areata Incognita causes widespread hair thinning, and treatment with systemic corticosteroids and psychiatric support can lead to remission.