Alopecia Areata: A Multifactorial Autoimmune Condition

Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disease characterized by patchy hair loss that can escalate to complete baldness of the scalp or entire body, is associated with significant psychological distress for patients. The condition involves lymphocytic infiltration around hair follicles and the presence of IFN-γ and IgG antibodies targeting hair follicle cells. It often co-occurs with other autoimmune disorders and may be triggered by infections or inflammation. Despite increased understanding, the precise causes and mechanisms of alopecia areata remain unclear. The review discusses genetic and environmental factors contributing to autoimmunity and the immune responses that result in hair loss in those affected by the disease.