Male-Pattern Hair Loss: Comprehensive Identification of the Associated Genes as a Basis for Understanding Pathophysiology

Male-pattern hair loss (MPHL) is a common condition affecting up to 80% of European men, with significant genetic underpinnings. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 389 risk loci and key genes such as AR, SRD5A2, WNT10A, and IRF4, which are involved in hair growth and pigmentation. These findings explain approximately 39% of the phenotypic variance in MPHL and suggest a heritability of 60-70%. The document highlights the need for larger cohorts and comprehensive genetic analyses to fully understand MPHL's genetic and non-genetic factors, aiming to develop precision medicine approaches and improved treatments.