Autophagy Dysfunction: The Kernel of Hair Loss?

This study found that modifying adipose-derived stem cells to overexpress the adhesion protein JAM-A increased the adhesion and resilience of dermal papilla cells in the context of androgenic alopecia, potentially facilitating hair regrowth despite challenges such as damage from dihydrotestosterone and macrophages.

This study found that activating autophagy in hair follicle stem cells can promote hair growth by shifting their metabolism to glycolysis, while inhibiting it led to delayed hair cycle progression.

In a rat scalp expansion model, this study found that activating autophagy with rapamycin enhanced skin regeneration during tissue expansion by increasing expanded skin area, epidermis and dermis thicknesses, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and other regenerative factors, whereas blocking autophagy reversed these effects.

This study found that corticosteroids were the most common treatments for alopecia areata in the USA, but the substantial disease burden suggests a need for more effective options.

In this study, researchers found that keratinocyte-specific deletion of the autophagy mediator Atg16l1 in mice heightened skin inflammation and cancer responses, altered hair follicle stem cell activity, and sensitized keratinocytes to cell death.

This study found that while both topical cetirizine and minoxidil improved female pattern hair loss, minoxidil was significantly more effective in increasing hair density.

This study found that blocking autophagy in Atg7-deficient mouse hair keratinocytes altered the molecular composition of hair shafts by increasing the abundance of proteins involved in protein turnover while keratins remained unchanged, highlighting autophagy's role in reducing non-cytoskeletal protein concentrations in hair.

In this review, the authors discussed how the circadian clock influences hair follicle regeneration by regulating metabolism, suggesting potential new targets for hair loss treatments.

This review discusses the association between oxidative stress and alopecia areata while proposing antioxidants as a potential supplementary therapy, but it reports no new clinical results.

In this study, a subcutaneous injection of recombinant RSPO1 was found to activate hair follicle stem cells and enhance hair regeneration in mice by stimulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting its potential as a treatment for hair loss.

In this study, researchers found that inducing mitophagy can alleviate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in outer root sheath cells under conditions of mitochondrial stress, suggesting that targeting mitophagy and inflammasome interactions may offer new therapeutic approaches for alopecia areata.

In this viewpoint, researchers discussed the possible role of the developmental origin of scalp dermis in influencing the specific pattern of hair follicle miniaturization seen in male pattern hair loss, noting that frontal follicles are more susceptible while occipital follicles remain largely terminal.

This comprehensive review analyzes androgenetic alopecia treatments, discussing the mechanisms, costs, efficacy, and safety of FDA-approved drugs like minoxidil and finasteride, as well as newer non-FDA-approved options that have shown effectiveness across various studies.

This review explored recent research on the immune mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for alopecia areata, highlighting the roles of immune-related cells, autocrine and paracrine signaling, as well as factors like adipose-derived stem cells and gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis.

This study found that exosomes from adipose mesenchymal stromal cells, particularly those carrying miR-122-5p, may enhance hair follicle regeneration in androgenic alopecia by targeting the TGF-β/SMAD3 axis.

This study reported that the prevalence of alopecia areata in the US slightly increased from 0.199% to 0.222% between 2016 and 2019, with higher rates observed in women and adults.

This study identified that copper depletion in dermal papilla cells reduced hair growth by boosting ROS levels, but ROS scavengers like NAC and ascorbic acid partially alleviated this effect.

This study found that treatment with a synthesized autophagy inducer improved skin barrier function and hair damage in dogs with atopic dermatitis or hyperadrenocorticism by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

This review discusses the expression of circadian genes in hair follicles and their potential for monitoring circadian-rhythm-related conditions, reporting no clinical results; the authors suggest combining hair sampling with other assessments for better insight.

This review discusses oxidative stress in alopecia areata pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies, reporting no new clinical results but suggesting biomarkers for oxidative stress and discussing JAK inhibitors as promising options.

This study found that red OLED irradiation can significantly promote hair regrowth in mice, increasing hair length by 1.5 times and hair regrowth area by over 3 times after 20 days of treatment.

In this study, miR-221 was identified as a key factor in androgenetic alopecia pathogenesis due to its role in suppressing hair growth by interacting with androgen receptors and affecting related pathways.

This study found that limonin may promote hair growth by enhancing anagen signaling through autophagy activation in rat dermal papilla cells, suggesting its potential as a natural treatment for hair loss.

This study investigated the role of autophagy in human dermal papilla cells and found that inhibiting autophagy accelerates the catagen phase by reducing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, adding ginsenoside Re appears to restore autophagy, suggesting potential benefits for mitigating hair loss linked to autophagy inhibition.

This study found that miRNAs increase and target mRNAs and lncRNAs decrease from the anagen to telogen phase in mouse hair follicles, and these ceRNA networks may play a role in hair follicle cycling.

This review discusses the role of autophagy in skin cells and its potential implications for treating immune-related skin diseases, reporting no new clinical results.

In this study, Hedgehog signaling in dermal papilla fibroblasts was found to accelerate hair growth and induce follicle multiplication in mice via the SCUBE3/TGF-β pathway, with some effects observed in human scalp hair follicles.

The study found that growing dermal papilla cells in 3D spheroids enhances their activity with hair growth-promoting agents, such as minoxidil and TCQA, compared to traditional 2D cultures.

This review discusses the molecular mechanisms driving hair follicle degeneration in skin aging and emphasizes the role of the tissue microenvironment on stem cell function, but reports no new research findings.

This review covers the structure, development, cycle, and molecular regulation of hair follicles but does not report new results, aiming to offer insights for addressing hair follicle-related diseases.

This study found that 5-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BDB) promoted hair growth in rat vibrissa follicles by activating Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy pathways and inhibiting the TGF-β pathway in dermal papilla cells.

In this study, Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside was found to protect against DHT-induced dermal papilla cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in androgenetic alopecia, restoring hair growth in mouse models.

This study found that people with alopecia areata have higher rates of depression and anxiety, leading to increased mental health treatment burden, more time off work, and higher unemployment compared to the general population.

This study found that mitochondrial dysfunction and higher oxidative stress in balding dermal papilla cells may contribute to androgenetic alopecia, with antioxidants potentially improving metabolite uptake.

JAK inhibitors show promise for treating alopecia areata, but more research is needed.

This article reviews advancements in hair transplantation, highlighting robotic and follicular unit techniques, and discusses adjuvant modalities like platelet-rich plasma, lasers, and stem cells without reporting new clinical results.

This study found that novel MPC inhibitor analogues with specific chemical modifications promoted significant hair growth in shaved mice when applied topically.

This study found that myristoleic acid promotes dermal papilla cell proliferation and anagen signaling through autophagy, cell cycle progression, and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK pathways.

This study found that pelage abnormalities in Harlequin mutant mice are linked to severe AIF deficiency and associated with altered expression of genes related to hair structure.

This article reviews the classification, diagnosis, and management of hair disorders, emphasizing the role of trichoscopy and early diagnosis for effective treatment but reports no new clinical findings.

This study suggests that impaired autophagy may be a potential mechanism contributing to androgenetic alopecia, as observed in miniaturized hair follicles from balding scalps.

This preclinical study observed that a nanoencapsulated ingredient complex, AcPi, may prevent hair follicle aging and hair loss by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial activity and WNT/β-catenin signaling, and controlling androgenic metabolism when tested on human scalp cultures.

In this study, quercitrin was reported to promote hair growth and cell viability in cultured human dermal papilla cells by enhancing cellular energy metabolism and growth factor production via MAPK/CREB signaling.

This study found that Pep-1-mediated mitochondrial transplantation was as effective as PRP therapy in restoring hair loss related to aging in mice, with distinct improvements in hair and skin-related measures.

This review discusses immune privilege in anagen hair follicles and its collapse in alopecia areata, emphasizing the importance of restoring this function for effective management and disease relapse prevention.

This study found that Polygonum multiflorum extract may promote hair growth by increasing anagen duration and activating dermal papilla cells in human hair follicles, as observed in cultured cell models.

This study found that mitochondrial dysfunction due to Crif1 deficiency in hair follicle stem cells significantly slows the hair growth cycle in adult mice but does not impact the maintenance of HFSC populations.

Finasteride and baicalin in phospholipid vesicles effectively promote hair growth and increase follicle count.

This study found that human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) significantly prevented hair loss induced by dexamethasone in a mouse model and enhanced cell proliferation in human hair follicle cells, suggesting a protective effect against stress-related hair loss.

This study isolated a bioactive peptide from Trapa japonica fruit and found that it may protect human dermal papilla cells from DHT-induced stress, suggesting potential for biomedical applications.

This study suggests that Houttuynia cordata extract may promote hair growth by stimulating dermal papilla cell proliferation and extending the anagen phase through enhanced energy metabolism and gene expression changes.

This study found that BMP2 increased PTEN expression and induced autophagy, promoting hair follicle stem cell differentiation in both in vitro models and a mouse wound model.

This review article provides an updated overview of the pharmacology, mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and adverse events associated with topical minoxidil, a widely used treatment for androgenetic alopecia and other hair loss conditions, while noting that its exact mechanism is still not fully understood.

In this study on rat dermal papilla cells, hydroxytyrosol, an antioxidant found in olive oil, was reported to protect against oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and enhance hair growth factors, suggesting its potential to prevent hair loss.

This study identified 14 genes affected by copy number variants that may contribute to alopecia areata, including four genes notably involved in autophagy and chromatin remodeling.

This study found that activating autophagy with specific small molecules and drugs can stimulate hair growth by initiating the anagen phase in dormant hair follicles, suggesting a potential treatment for hair loss.

This review identifies evidence of sexual adverse effects, particularly linked to finasteride, in men using systemic dermatologic medications but reports no new clinical findings.

This study established a rat model of radiation-induced dermatitis using 90 Gy irradiation, which may aid in exploring new treatments and understanding the pathology, particularly highlighting autophagy regulation as a potential therapeutic target.

This study reports that the novel small molecule IM176OUT05, by modifying stem cell metabolism, promoted hair regrowth and increased hair follicle numbers in mice.

This study found that Annurca apple polyphenolic extracts reprogram hair follicle metabolism in mice, enhancing mitochondrial activity and keratin production while inhibiting some metabolic pathways.

In this study, researchers found that exposure to PM10 significantly increased inflammation and impaired collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, suggesting PM10 contributes to skin aging through these mechanisms.

In this study, researchers found that depleting mtDNA in mice caused skin wrinkles and hair loss but restoring mitochondrial function reversed these effects, highlighting mtDNA's significant role in skin and hair health.

This study found that liposterolic extracts of Serenoa repens enhanced hair regeneration and repair in DHT-induced hair loss mouse models, suggesting potential effects comparable to finasteride.

This review discusses the roles of interferon-γ and PPAR-γ-mediated signalling in scarring alopecia, suggesting these pathways as potential therapeutic targets, but it reports no new empirical results.

This study found that autophagy plays a novel role in human hair growth, with altered autophagic flux during hair development phases influencing hair follicle behavior in a preclinical model.

This article reviews different types of alopecia, their diagnosis, and treatment options available in a family physician's practice, but it reports no new research findings.

This study found that glycolytic metabolism and lactate production are crucial for hair follicle stem cell activation, and manipulating these processes can stimulate the hair cycle.

This study visualized mitochondrial metabolism in cultured bovine hair follicles and plucked human hairs, finding that ROS and mitochondrial polarization correlate in specific hair follicle regions, particularly near keratin deposition sites.

Healthy mitochondria in skin cells are essential for proper hair growth and skin cell interaction in mice.

This study suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to androgenetic alopecia by inducing premature senescence and secretion of hair growth inhibitors in dermal papilla cells from balding scalp.

This review discusses the various triggers and diagnostic challenges in determining the cause of telogen effluvium-related hair loss, without providing new clinical results.

This review discusses recent advances in the role of dermal papilla cells and adipocyte lineage cells in hair regeneration, but it reports no new clinical results.

This study found that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are crucial for normal epidermal differentiation and hair follicle growth, as demonstrated by impaired development in mice lacking these signals due to a keratinocyte-specific TFAM deficiency.

This study found that dexamethasone treatment reduced cell viability and growth factor expression in human dermal papilla cells, suggesting it inhibits hair growth.

This updated guideline from the British Association of Dermatologists discusses current recommendations for managing alopecia areata but reports no new clinical research findings.

This study identified key genetic regions associated with alopecia areata, highlighting both acquired and innate immune involvement, with a novel link to the upregulation of ULBP ligands in autoimmune disease.

This review explores how adult skin epithelia preserve stem cell populations for hair follicle regeneration and wound healing, but reports no new experimental results.

This study provides evidence that psychoemotional stress inhibits hair growth in mice by affecting the brain-hair follicle axis, with specific neuropeptides and treatments modulating this effect.

This study suggests that miniaturization in pattern hair loss may occur abruptly and can be reversed with treatment, as supported by histologic evidence in finasteride-responsive patients.

This article discusses the biologic and psychosocial significance of hair, the current limitations in hair growth drugs, and anticipates future therapies based on advancing hair follicle research.

This study found that applying dexamethasone to mice induced catagen-like follicle changes significantly earlier and more consistently than a vehicle, such changes being useful for studying hair follicle regression.