Focused Review on Metal Nanoparticles in Hair Regeneration and Alopecia: Insights into Mechanisms, Assessment Techniques, Toxicity, Regulatory and Intellectual Property Perspectives

The review explores the potential of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in treating hair loss disorders like alopecia, highlighting their unique properties that enhance drug delivery to hair follicles and promote hair growth. MNPs, such as those made from iron, zinc, silver, gold, copper, and molybdenum, offer advantages over traditional treatments, including improved permeation, bioavailability, and reduced side effects. The document discusses the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, regulatory considerations, and potential toxicity of MNPs, emphasizing their promise as transformative tools for targeted alopecia treatment. It also covers the role of specific nanoparticles in hair regeneration, such as iron oxide and zinc nanoparticles, and the importance of maintaining adequate levels of these metals for healthy hair growth. Despite their potential, challenges like toxicity concerns and regulatory hurdles remain, necessitating further research to optimize formulations and ensure safety and efficacy in hair care applications.