3D Bioprinting of Calcium Molybdate Nanoparticles-Containing Immunomodulatory Bioinks for Hair Regrowth

The study developed a bioink containing calcium molybdate (CM) nanoparticles, dermal papilla cells (DPCs), and macrophages to promote hair regrowth. The CM nanoparticles created an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by polarizing macrophages to the M2 phenotype, which in turn secreted cytokines that facilitated hair follicle regeneration. The bioink activated the mTOR signaling pathway in macrophages, increasing the expression of growth factors HGF and IGF-1, thus accelerating the transition of hair follicles to the anagen phase. The bioprinted scaffolds demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility and significantly improved hair regrowth in vivo, offering a promising strategy for reconstructing complex skin appendages.