Advanced Nanocarrier- and Microneedle-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Strategies for Skin Diseases Treatment

Advanced nanocarrier- and microneedle (MN)-based transdermal drug delivery strategies offer significant improvements over conventional methods for treating skin diseases, which are a major global health burden. These advanced strategies enhance site-specific drug delivery, avoid first-pass metabolism, and reduce systemic toxicity, making them more effective and safer. They are also painless, noninvasive or minimally invasive, and do not require expensive equipment. Additionally, they provide increased skin penetration efficiency, controlled drug release, enhanced targeting, and theranostic functions. The review discusses the design principles, advantages, and applications of these advanced systems in treating conditions like psoriasis, dermatitis, and melanoma, while also addressing future prospects and challenges.