Biofabrication of Human Skin with Its Appendages

The document reviews the biofabrication of human skin and its appendages, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. It highlights the complexity of skin structure and the challenges in regenerating these structures. The use of stem/progenitor cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, has shown promise in regenerating skin appendages. The document also discusses the use of 3D culture systems, organoids, and various substances for the engineering of skin appendages. The use of Matrigel and collagen for 3D cell culture is also discussed, despite their limitations. The potential of self-assembling peptides and hyaluronic acid for skin regeneration is highlighted, along with the use of 3D bioprinting techniques. However, the document concludes that current methods cannot fully replicate the geometry or architecture of tissues, and more research is needed before these techniques can be used in clinical settings.