Androgenetic Alopecia in Women: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation, and Treatments

Research cited in this study 169

1. Efficacy of Skin Patting and Iontophoresis with Dutasteride Gel in Male and Menopausal Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Pilot Study Dermatology and Therapy · 2025
2. Hair Transplant: Patient Candidacy, Medical Optimization, And Surgical Considerations International Journal of Dermatology · 2025
3. Alopecia Treatments in Breastfeeding: Safety and Clinical Considerations International Journal of Dermatology · 2025
4. Impact of Age on Response to Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy Skin Appendage Disorders · 2025
5. Anti-Androgen Therapy for the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Clinical Review of Current and Emerging Therapies Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2025
6. Role of Topical Ketoconazole in Therapeutic Hair Care Beyond Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff JEADV Clinical Practice · 2025
7. Multidimensional Assessment of Adverse Events of Finasteride: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Analysis Based on FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2004 to April 2024 PLoS ONE · 2025
8. Efficacy and Safety of Bicalutamide in Female Hair Loss: A Review of the Literature JAAD reviews. · 2025
9. Alopecia Areata Incognita: Current Evidence Dermatology and Therapy · 2025
10. Spironolactone Reduces the Risk of Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil-Induced Edema in Women with Female Pattern Hair Loss. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2025
11. Efficacy And Safety Of Dutasteride In The Treatment Of Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · 2025
12. Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil in Alopecia: Evaluating Blood Pressure Changes in Patients with Abnormal Blood Pressure—A Retrospective Study International Journal of Dermatology · 2025
13. Bicalutamide 25 Mg Associated With Minoxidil 1 Mg Versus Minoxidil 1 Mg for Female-Pattern Hair Loss: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial JAAD International · 2025
14. Comparing Adherence, Side Effects, And Satisfaction In Oral And Topical Minoxidil: A Cross-Sectional Study Journal of Drugs in Dermatology · 2025
15. Analysis of Breast Health Outcomes in Women on Oral 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2024
16. Comparative Analysis of Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil with Spironolactone Versus Finasteride or Dutasteride in Female Androgenetic Alopecia Management Archives of Dermatological Research · 2024
17. Improving Efficacy and Maintaining Safety in the Treatment of Alopecia with Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil and Spironolactone Combination Therapy: A Retrospective Review JAAD International · 2024
18. Evaluation of Pericardial Effusions in Alopecia Patients on Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil Therapy Journal of Drugs in Dermatology · 2024
19. Progress of Clinical Research on Fractional Laser Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Review Article Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2024
20. Safety of Antiandrogens for the Treatment of Female Androgenetic Alopecia with Respect to Gynecologic Malignancies Journal of clinical medicine · 2024
21. Oral Minoxidil Versus Topical Minoxidil for Male Androgenetic Alopecia JAMA dermatology · 2024
22. Response to 'Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia Is Not Associated With Clinically Significant Blood-Pressure Changes: A Retrospective Study' Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2024
23. Guidelines of Care for the Management of Acne Vulgaris Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2024
24. Long-Hair Follicular Unit Excision Enhances the Cosmetic Results of Hairline Restoration: A Retrospective Study in Chinese Recipients Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2024
25. The Effects of Environmental Pollutants and Exposures on Hair Follicle Pathophysiology Skin appendage disorders · 2024
26. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil Versus Topical Solution in the Improvement of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2023
27. Oral and Topical Administration of Standardized Saw Palmetto Oil Reduces Hair Fall and Improves Hair Growth in Androgenetic Alopecia Subjects: A 16-Week Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · 2023
28. Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia Is Not Associated With Clinically Significant Blood-Pressure Changes: A Retrospective Study Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2023
29. Application of Hair Transplantation Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for the Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia European Journal of Dermatology · 2023
30. Evaluating Subjective Versus Objective Measures of Changes in Hair Density Using Standardized Scalp Photography Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2023
31. Association Between Trichoscopic Features, Serum Hormone Levels, and Vitamin D Concentration in Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia in Eastern China: A Cross-Sectional Study Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · 2023
32. The Dermatoscope in the Hair Clinic: Trichoscopy of Scarring and Nonscarring Alopecia Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2023
33. The Role of the Scalp Biopsy in the Evaluation of Alopecia Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2023
34. Female Pattern Hair Loss and Negative Psychological Impact: Possible Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2023
35. Androgenetic Alopecia: An Update JAAD International · 2023
36. Androgenetic Alopecia: Therapy Update Drugs · 2023
37. Exploring The Historical Stigma Of Spironolactone Use In Breast Cancer Survivors With Alopecia International Journal of Women's Dermatology · 2023
38. Compliance to Topical Minoxidil and Reasons for Discontinuation Among Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia Dermatology and therapy · 2023
39. Topical Minoxidil Adherence in Patients With Alopecia Journal of Drugs in Dermatology · 2023
40. Integrative and Mechanistic Approach to the Hair Growth Cycle and Hair Loss Journal of Clinical Medicine · 2023
41. Mapping the Hair Density, Thickness, and Volume in Normal and Androgenetic Alopecia Subjects With the Digital Microscope JEADV Clinical Practice · 2022
42. Supplementation and Hair Growth: A Retrospective Chart Review of Patients With Alopecia and Laboratory Abnormalities JAAD international · 2022
43. Comparison of Oral Minoxidil, Finasteride, and Dutasteride for Treating Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of Dermatological Treatment · 2022
44. Minoxidil-Induced Hypertrichosis in a Breastfed Infant Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2022
45. Role of Smoking in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review International Journal of Trichology · 2022
46. Association of Spironolactone Use With Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis JAMA Dermatology · 2022
47. Natural Products for Male Androgenetic Alopecia Dermatologic Therapy · 2022
48. Bicalutamide and the New Perspectives for Female Pattern Hair Loss Treatment: What Dermatologists Should Know Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2022
49. The Inflammatory Component of Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2021
50. Is Every Patient of Hair Loss a Candidate for Hair Transplant? Deciding Surgical Candidacy in Pattern Hair Loss Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery · 2021
51. Psychology of Hair Loss Patients and Importance of Counseling Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery · 2021
52. Overview and Algorithmic Approach to Management of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery · 2021
53. Perifollicular Inflammation and Follicular Spongiosis in Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2021
54. Efficacy and Safety Profile of Oral Spironolactone Use for Androgenic Alopecia: A Systematic Review PubMed · 2021
55. Health-Related Quality of Life, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia JAMA Dermatology · 2021
56. Minoxidil: A Comprehensive Review Journal of Dermatological Treatment · 2021
57. The Effectiveness and Tolerability of Preformed Growth Factors Delivered Through Iontophoresis on Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia and Telogen Effluvium: A Clinical Study Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2021
58. Hair Transplantation: Basic Overview Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2021
59. Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss: Treatable and Worth Treating Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · 2021
60. Pumpkin Seed Oil vs. Minoxidil 5% Topical Foam for the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Randomized Comparative Trial Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2021
61. A Cross-Sectional Study of Plasma Trace Elements and Vitamins Content in Androgenetic Alopecia in Men Biological Trace Element Research · 2020
62. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin as an Early Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2020
63. Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles International journal of molecular sciences · 2020
64. Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Treatment for Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2020
65. The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2020
66. Use of Spironolactone in Dermatology: Acne, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Female Pattern Hair Loss, and Hirsutism Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas · 2020
67. Topical Finasteride for the Treatment of Male Androgenetic Alopecia and Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Review of the Current Literature Journal of Dermatological Treatment · 2020
68. Clascoterone as a Novel Treatment for Androgenetic Alopecia Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · 2020
69. Complications with Hair Transplantation Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · 2020
70. 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors in Androgenetic Alopecia: Shifting Paradigms, Current Concepts, Comparative Efficacy, and Safety Dermatologic Therapy · 2020
71. Spironolactone for Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2020
72. Safety of Oral Bicalutamide in Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Retrospective Review of 316 Patients Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2020
73. Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2020
74. Topical Ketoconazole for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review Dermatologic Therapy · 2019
75. Topical Antiandrogen Therapies for Androgenetic Alopecia and Acne Vulgaris American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2019
76. Female Androgenetic Alopecia: An Update on Diagnosis and Management American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2019
77. Oral Bicalutamide for Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Pilot Study Dermatologic Therapy · 2019
78. Alopecia Areata Incognita and Diffuse Alopecia Areata: Clinical, Trichoscopic, Histopathological, and Therapeutic Features of a 5-Year Study Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2019
79. Female Pattern Hair Loss and Androgen Excess: A Report From the Multidisciplinary Androgen Excess and PCOS Committee The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2019
80. Safety of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors and Spironolactone in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Endocrine Therapies Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · 2018
81. The Medical and Psychosocial Associations of Alopecia: Recognizing Hair Loss as More Than a Cosmetic Concern American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2018
82. Androgens in Women: Role in Androgen-Mediated Cutaneous Disorders Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2018
83. Efficacy of Topical Combination of 0.25% Finasteride and 3% Minoxidil Versus 3% Minoxidil Solution in Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2018
84. Hair Biology Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · 2018
85. Endocrine Therapy-Induced Alopecia in Patients With Breast Cancer JAMA Dermatology · 2018
86. GWAS for Male-Pattern Baldness Identifies 71 Susceptibility Loci Explaining 38% of the Risk Nature Communications · 2017
87. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Overexpression in Miniaturized Follicles in Female Pattern Hair Loss Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia · 2017
88. Low-Level Light and Minoxidil 5% Combination Versus Either Modality Alone in Management of Female Patterned Hair Loss: A Randomized Controlled Study Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · 2017
89. Meta-Analysis Identifies Novel Risk Loci and Yields Systematic Insights into the Biology of Male-Pattern Baldness Nature communications · 2017
90. Hair Pull Test: Evidence-Based Update and Revision of Guidelines Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2016
91. Superiority of Dutasteride Over Finasteride in Hair Regrowth and Reversal of Miniaturization in Men With Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Controlled Open-Label, Evaluator-Blinded Study Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology · 2016
92. Androgenetic Alopecia: New Insights Into the Pathogenesis and Mechanism of Hair Loss F1000Research · 2015
93. Hair and Scalp Manifestations in Secondary Syphilis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Trichoscopy Dermatology · 2015
94. Evaluation and Diagnosis of the Hair Loss Patient Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2014
95. A Novel Finasteride 0.25% Topical Solution for Androgenetic Alopecia: Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Plasma Androgen Levels in Healthy Male Volunteers International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2014
96. Contribution of Hair Density and Hair Diameter to the Appearance and Progression of Androgenetic Alopecia in Japanese Men British Journal of Dermatology · 2014
97. The Endocrinology of Baldness Hormones · 2014
98. Prevalence of Androgenic Alopecia in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Characterization of Associated Clinical and Biochemical Features Fertility and Sterility · 2014
99. Efficacy and Safety of a Low-Level Laser Device in the Treatment of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Multicenter, Randomized, Sham Device-Controlled, Double-Blind Study American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2014
100. The Effectiveness of Finasteride and Dutasteride Used for 3 Years in Women with Androgenetic Alopecia Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology · 2014
101. Effect of Pumpkin Seed Oil on Hair Growth in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · 2014
102. The Female Pattern Hair Loss: Review of Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis BioMed Research International · 2014
103. The Human Hair: From Anatomy to Physiology International Journal of Dermatology · 2013
104. Patient Selection, Candidacy, and Treatment Planning for Hair Restoration Surgery Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · 2013
105. Investigation of Six Novel Susceptibility Loci for Male Androgenetic Alopecia in Women With Female Pattern Hair Loss Journal of Dermatological Science · 2013
106. Low-Level Light Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham Device-Controlled Multicenter Trial Dermatologic Surgery · 2013
107. Iontophoresis-Targeted, Follicular Delivery of Minoxidil Sulfate for the Treatment of Alopecia Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2013
108. Finasteride 5 mg/Day Treatment of Patterned Hair Loss in Normo-Androgenetic Postmenopausal Women International Journal of Trichology · 2013
109. Clinical and Histological Challenge in the Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Alopecia: Female Androgenetic Alopecia, Telogen Effluvium, and Alopecia Areata – Part II Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia · 2012
110. Hot Flashes in a Young Girl: A Wake-Up Call Concerning Serenoa Repens Use in Children Pediatrics · 2012
111. Comparative Effectiveness of Finasteride vs Serenoa Repens in Male Androgenetic Alopecia: A Two-Year Study International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · 2012
112. How to Diagnose Hair Loss Dermatologic Clinics · 2012
113. The Basic Science of Hair Biology Dermatologic Clinics · 2012
114. Mesotherapy Using Dutasteride-Containing Preparation in Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss: Photographic, Morphometric and Ultrastructural Evaluation Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2012
115. Investigation of the Male Pattern Baldness Major Genetic Susceptibility Loci AR/EDA2R and 20p11 in Female Pattern Hair Loss British Journal of Dermatology · 2012
116. Efficacy of Finasteride 1.25 mg on Female Pattern Hair Loss: Pilot Study Annals of Dermatology · 2012
117. Factors Influencing Postoperative Hyperesthesia in Hair Restoration Surgery Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2011
118. Finasteride, 1 Mg Daily Administration on Male Androgenetic Alopecia in Different Age Groups: 10-Year Follow-Up Dermatologic Therapy · 2011
119. A Randomized, Single-Blind Trial of 5% Minoxidil Foam Once Daily Versus 2% Minoxidil Solution Twice Daily in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Women Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2011
120. 5 mg/Day Finasteride Treatment for Normoandrogenic Asian Women with Female Pattern Hair Loss Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2010
121. Innovative Use of Spironolactone as an Antiandrogen in the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss PubMed · 2010
122. Intermediate Hair Follicles: A New, More Clinically Relevant Model for Hair Growth Investigations British Journal of Dermatology · 2010
123. Histopathology of Alopecia: A Clinicopathological Approach to Diagnosis Histopathology · 2009
124. Alopecia Secondary to Mesotherapy Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2009
125. Use of the TrichoScan to Assess Female Pattern Hair Loss Dermatologic Surgery · 2009
126. Profiling the Response of Human Hair Follicles to Ultraviolet Radiation Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2009
127. Surgical Complications In Hair Transplantation: A Series Of 533 Procedures Aesthetic Surgery Journal · 2009
128. Hair Evaluation Methods: Merits and Demerits International Journal of Trichology · 2009
129. Dermoscopy in Female Androgenic Alopecia: Method Standardization and Diagnostic Criteria International Journal of Trichology · 2009
130. Human Hair Follicles Contain Two Forms of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels, Only One Sensitive to Minoxidil The FASEB Journal · 2008
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132. Association of Androgenetic Alopecia With Smoking and Its Prevalence Among Asian Men Archives of Dermatology · 2007
133. Shampoos: Ingredients, Efficacy, and Adverse Effects Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · 2007
134. Hormonal Regulation of Hair Follicles Exhibits a Biological Paradox Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · 2007
135. Effect of Finasteride 5 mg (Proscar) on Acne and Alopecia in Female Patients with Normal Serum Levels of Free Testosterone Gynecological Endocrinology · 2007
136. The Importance of Dual 5α-Reductase Inhibition in the Treatment of Male Pattern Hair Loss: Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of Dutasteride Versus Finasteride Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2006
137. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Iron Deficiency and Its Potential Relationship to Hair Loss Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2006
138. Finasteride Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss Archives of Dermatology · 2006
139. Distinguishing Androgenetic Alopecia From Chronic Telogen Effluvium When Associated in the Same Patient Archives of Dermatology · 2005
140. The Role of Melatonin in Neuroectodermal-Mesodermal Interactions: The Hair Follicle Synthesizes Melatonin and Expresses Functional Melatonin Receptors ˜The œFASEB journal · 2005
141. Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss With Oral Antiandrogens British Journal of Dermatology · 2005
142. Burden of Hair Loss: Stress and the Underestimated Psychosocial Impact of Telogen Effluvium and Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2004
143. Chronic Telogen Effluvium or Early Androgenetic Alopecia? International Journal of Dermatology · 2004
144. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of 5% and 2% Topical Minoxidil Solutions in the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2004
145. Minoxidil: Mechanisms of Action on Hair Growth British Journal of Dermatology · 2004
146. Finasteride Treatment of Patterned Hair Loss in Normoandrogenic Postmenopausal Women Dermatology · 2004
147. Ketoconazole as an Adjunct to Finasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men Medical Hypotheses · 2003
148. The Effects of Minoxidil, 1% Pyrithione Zinc, and a Combination of Both on Hair Density: A Randomized Controlled Trial British Journal of Dermatology · 2003
149. Current and Novel Methods for Assessing Efficacy of Hair Growth Promoters in Pattern Hair Loss Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2003
150. Treatment of Hyperandrogenic Alopecia in Women Fertility and Sterility · 2003
151. Nudging Hair Shedding by Antidandruff Shampoos: A Comparison of 1% Ketoconazole, 1% Piroctone Olamine, and 1% Zinc Pyrithione Formulations International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2002
152. Psychological Features of Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2002
153. A Randomized Clinical Trial of 5% Topical Minoxidil Versus 2% Topical Minoxidil and Placebo in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2002
154. Nutritional Factors and Hair Loss Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · 2002
155. Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Topical Minoxidil Solution: Etiology and Treatment Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2002
156. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperandrogenic Disorders Endocrine practice · 2001
157. Hair Density, Hair Diameter, and the Prevalence of Female Pattern Hair Loss British Journal of Dermatology · 2001
158. Lack of Efficacy of Finasteride in Postmenopausal Women with Androgenetic Alopecia Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2000
159. Ketoconazole Shampoo: Effect of Long-Term Use in Androgenic Alopecia Dermatology · 1998
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163. Use of Topical Minoxidil Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia in Women International Journal of Dermatology · 1993
164. Psychological Effects of Androgenetic Alopecia on Women: Comparisons with Balding Men and Female Control Subjects Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 1993
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167. Low Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin Levels in Young Women with Diffuse Hair Loss British Journal of Dermatology · 1982
168. Pericardial Disorders During Open-Label Study of 1,869 Severely Hypertensive Patients Treated with Minoxidil Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · 1980
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