42 citations
,
December 2015 in “International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics” This study found that applying a novel 0.25% finasteride solution to the scalp can effectively reduce scalp DHT levels in men with androgenetic alopecia, potentially reducing systemic side-effects.
93 citations
,
February 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to androgenetic alopecia by inducing premature senescence and secretion of hair growth inhibitors in dermal papilla cells from balding scalp.
32 citations
,
January 2015 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal” This study found that a combination of topical minoxidil and finasteride helped maintain hair density in patients with androgenetic alopecia after initial oral finasteride treatment.
50 citations
,
July 2014 in “International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics” This study found that both topical and oral finasteride significantly reduced plasma DHT after one week, with lower finasteride plasma exposure for the topical formulation.
2152 citations
,
November 2013 in “Urologia Internationalis” This study reviews the significant prevalence of organic etiologies, especially vascular causes, in erectile dysfunction among men under 40 and emphasizes thorough evaluation and consideration of treatment options like exercise and PDE-5 inhibitors.
7 citations
,
March 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology” No genetic link between prostaglandins and hair loss found.
6 citations
,
October 2012 in “PubMed” This study found that while the combination therapy of 3% minoxidil and 0.1% finasteride lotion showed greater improvement in global photographic assessments for androgenetic alopecia, hair counts did not differ significantly from minoxidil alone.
115 citations
,
September 2012 in “Experimental Dermatology” This article reviews the molecular mechanisms involved in androgenetic alopecia and the androgen's paradoxical role in hair growth, but reports no new experimental findings.
87 citations
,
May 2012 in “PLOS Genetics” This study found that early-onset androgenetic alopecia in individuals of European ancestry is significantly associated with increased odds of Parkinson's disease and is influenced by specific genetic loci, including some linked to reduced fertility.
205 citations
,
March 2012 in “Science Translational Medicine” PGD2 stops hair growth and is higher in bald men with AGA.
95 citations
,
January 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study found that androgens inhibit hair follicle stem cell differentiation by disrupting the Wnt signalling pathway in dermal papilla cells, but Wnt activation can restore differentiation.
51 citations
,
November 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study suggests that the HDAC9 gene is a third susceptibility gene for male-pattern baldness, with significant associations found in both German and Australian samples.
198 citations
,
October 2011 in “Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft” This article discusses the development of an evidence-based guideline for treating androgenetic alopecia and reports no new research results.
173 citations
,
September 2011 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” IL-6 contributes to hair loss by shortening the growth phase and causing hair follicles to regress.
44 citations
,
July 2011 in “Dermatologic Therapy” This study found that finasteride 1 mg was effective in improving androgenetic alopecia over 10 years in men, particularly those older than 30, with some reporting beneficial results even after 5 years.
20 citations
,
May 2011 in “Cancer Biology & Therapy” This study found that finasteride decreased DHT-stimulated AR activity and cell growth in prostate cancer cells with mutant AR, but not in those with wild type AR.
24 citations
,
March 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study found evidence of increased DNA methylation of the androgen receptor gene in occipital hair follicles from men with androgenetic alopecia.
185 citations
,
March 2011 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” This study found that 94% of healthy men reported low libido and 92% reported erectile dysfunction as persistent sexual side effects after using finasteride for male pattern hair loss, with these effects lasting on average 40 months post-discontinuation.
223 citations
,
December 2010 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” This review discusses persistent adverse effects of 5α‐reductase inhibitors, like diminished libido and erectile dysfunction, in some patients and highlights the need for patient discussions before therapy, especially for androgenetic alopecia.
122 citations
,
November 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” This study found that increased expression of type II 5α-reductase, androgen receptors, and Hic-5/ARA55 in dermal papilla cells upregulates androgen sensitivity, playing a key role in androgenetic alopecia pathogenesis.
42 citations
,
March 2010 in “Endocrinology” This study reports the development of the first rodent model for androgenetic alopecia, demonstrating that overexpression of androgen receptors in mice delays hair regeneration and can be used to test new treatments.
28 citations
,
March 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This abstract contains only supplementary material information and reports no new research findings.
77 citations
,
April 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology” In this study, genetic variation in the CYP19A1 gene, particularly the common rs4646 C allele, was associated with an increased risk of female pattern hair loss, especially in women under 40.
42 citations
,
April 2009 in “Human Genetics” This study suggests that the AGA risk haplotype in Europeans was driven to high frequency by positive selection, likely associated with a variant in the EDA2R gene.
13 citations
,
April 2009 in “PLOS ONE” This study found no evidence that androgen receptor copy number variation is associated with androgenetic alopecia, suggesting it is unlikely to be a contributing factor.
70 citations
,
January 2009 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study explored the interaction between androgen and Wnt signaling in dermal papilla cells, targeting the effects of androgen on hair growth reduction.
57 citations
,
January 2009 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology” This study found that both topical and oral finasteride had similar therapeutic effects in treating male androgenic alopecia, with no significant differences in hair thickness, counts, or bald area size.
140 citations
,
October 2008 in “Nature Genetics” 
111 citations
,
October 2008 in “Nature Genetics” In their study, Tim Spector and colleagues identified a new genetic association at chromosome 20p11.22 with male-pattern baldness, confirmed by the increased risk when combined with a known androgen receptor gene variant.
82 citations
,
April 2008 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” EDA2R gene linked to hair loss.
141 citations
,
November 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that balding dermal papilla cells show premature senescence and altered expression of stress and DNA damage markers, suggesting sensitivity to environmental stress in androgenetic alopecia.
171 citations
,
July 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The researchers reported that DHT-inducible DKK-1 may play a significant role in DHT-driven balding by inhibiting hair follicle cell growth and promoting apoptosis in androgenetic alopecia.
103 citations
,
June 2007 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” This article discusses treatment options for androgenetic alopecia, noting that medical interventions like finasteride and minoxidil can halt and partially reverse hair loss in mild to moderate cases, especially when combined with surgery.
60 citations
,
January 2007 in “Human Genetics” In this study, researchers found that while the SNP rs6152 is strongly associated with androgenetic alopecia, the GGN triplet repeat is not, suggesting the causative variant is likely a non-coding one.
43 citations
,
January 2007 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology” This study concluded that a combined once-daily solution of 5% minoxidil and 0.01% tretinoin is as effective and safe as the conventional twice-daily 5% minoxidil application for treating androgenetic alopecia in men.
159 citations
,
July 2006 in “Endocrine Reviews” This article discusses the influence of estrogens on hair follicle growth and metabolism, suggesting a significant role alongside androgens in hair growth control but reports no new clinical results.
20 citations
,
August 2005 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” This study found that in male androgenic alopecia, the androgen receptor coactivator ARA70/ELE1 exhibits differential expression patterns, suggesting its involvement in the condition.
195 citations
,
June 2005 in “American Journal of Human Genetics” Genetic variation in the androgen receptor gene mainly causes early-onset hair loss, with maternal inheritance playing a key role.
76 citations
,
April 2005 in “Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention” This study found that the AR-E211 A allele is associated with a lower risk of both metastatic prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia in an Australian population.
21 citations
,
March 2005 in “PubMed” This review discusses treatment approaches for androgenetic alopecia, highlighting that drug therapies like minoxidil and finasteride are promising for men, while antiandrogens and topical minoxidil show good results in women; it reports no new results.
9 citations
,
February 2005 in “The Journal of Men's Health & Gender” This article reviews treatment options for male androgenetic alopecia, including their distinct aims of arresting progression, stimulating regrowth, and concealing hair loss, and reports no new clinical results.
147 citations
,
October 2004 in “Experimental dermatology” This paper reviews the role of androgens in human skin function and the challenges in developing treatments for androgen-associated disorders, reporting no new experimental results.
90 citations
,
August 2004 in “Physiological Genomics” This study found that coculturing human hair follicle keratinocyte stem cells with dermal papilla cells increased expression of the hair-specific keratin 6hf gene, which requires β-catenin/lef-1 signaling for hair differentiation.
29 citations
,
June 2004 in “Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior” Finasteride reduces alcohol withdrawal effects, especially in female mice.
335 citations
,
March 2004 in “Development” This study found that continuous β-catenin signaling in adult mouse epidermis can reprogram hair follicles to form benign tumors, which regress after the signaling is discontinued.
146 citations
,
January 2004 in “Hormones” This review explores the complex endocrine functions of human skin and its role as a peripheral endocrine organ, but reports no new clinical results.
49 citations
,
January 2004 in “Dermatology” This study found that men with a paternal history of hair loss were significantly more likely to experience hair loss themselves.
155 citations
,
December 2003 in “British Journal of Dermatology” In this study, the researchers did not confirm previously reported links between AGA and smoking or benign prostatic hypertrophy, but found potential associations with alcohol consumption and lean body mass at age 21 that merit further investigation.
277 citations
,
June 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This article reviews the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in hair follicle morphogenesis and the hair cycle, suggesting potential paths for developing treatments for hair growth disorders but providing no new clinical findings.
78 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” TGF-β1 from dermal papilla cells suppresses hair growth, and targeting it may help treat androgenetic alopecia.
190 citations
,
October 2002 in “The FASEB journal” In this study, androgen did not affect keratinocyte growth in coculture with androgenetic alopecia-derived dermal papilla cells, but did significantly suppress keratinocyte growth when androgen receptor was overexpressed in the papilla cells.
13 citations
,
October 2002 in “Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods” This study found that men with androgenic alopecia had significantly higher levels of certain urinary steroid metabolites, suggesting increased 5 alpha-reductase activity and possible mild hyperadrenal activity.
80 citations
,
August 2002 in “Journal of Dermatology” This study found that combining oral finasteride with topical minoxidil resulted in the greatest improvement in hair growth for male patients with androgenetic alopecia, compared to using any single treatment.
31 citations
,
August 2001 in “PubMed” This review discusses the role of androgen metabolism in hair follicles and its potential impact on future treatments for androgenetic alopecia, but reports no clinical results.
196 citations
,
May 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that SZ95 sebocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes exhibit distinct enzyme expressions and activities, implicating their different roles in androgen metabolism and homeostasis in vitro.
299 citations
,
March 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that specific genetic markers near the androgen receptor gene are significantly more common in men with male pattern baldness, suggesting a genetic component in its development.
56 citations
,
January 2001 in “Dermatology” This study introduces the concept of teloptosis, which influences hair shedding during the telogen phase and affects hair density, highlighting that early or delayed teloptosis has noticeable effects.
30 citations
,
June 2000 in “Journal of dermatological science” In this study, researchers found that keratinocytes are unlikely to be target cells for androgen, as shown by limited androgen receptor transcriptional activity in keratinocyte cells.
12 citations
,
March 2000 in “CRC Press eBooks” 
104 citations
,
October 1999 in “The Journal of Urology” This study concluded that daily treatment with 1 mg finasteride did not affect spermatogenesis or semen production in young men and had small, reversible effects on prostate volume and serum PSA.
65 citations
,
October 1999 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” In this study, finasteride doses as low as 0.2 mg per day significantly reduced both scalp skin and serum DHT levels in men with androgenetic alopecia.
1113 citations
,
August 1999 in “The New England Journal of Medicine” This article discusses the biologic and psychosocial significance of hair, the current limitations in hair growth drugs, and anticipates future therapies based on advancing hair follicle research.
45 citations
,
September 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that sebaceous glands predominantly exhibit oxidative activity of the type 2 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme, which is not inhibited by 13-cis retinoic acid.
186 citations
,
July 1998 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery” This study found that shorter CAG-repeat lengths in the androgen receptor may be associated with the development of androgen-mediated skin disorders like androgenetic alopecia, acne, and hirsutism in both men and women.
169 citations
,
June 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found no significant genetic association between the 5α-reductase enzyme genes and male pattern baldness, suggesting a polygenic etiology rather than simple inheritance.
227 citations
,
January 1998 in “Journal of Endocrinology” This study found that dermal papilla cells from balding scalp hair follicles have significantly higher levels of androgen receptors than those from non-balding follicles, supporting their in vivo androgen response.
416 citations
,
September 1997 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” People with hair loss have more androgen receptors and enzymes in certain follicles, with men and women showing different patterns.
173 citations
,
July 1995 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications” This study suggests that IGF-I may mediate androgen-induced hair growth in outer root sheath cells cocultured with beard dermal papilla cells.
48 citations
,
April 1995 in “PubMed” This study found that dermal papilla cells from beard and axillary hair follicles can produce androgen-dependent factors that stimulate proliferation in adjacent follicular epithelial cells under testosterone influence.
101 citations
,
April 1994 in “Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism” This review discusses the role of 5α-reductase enzymes in androgen action and related disorders, noting that their specific inhibitory drugs show promise for conditions like benign prostatic hypertrophy; it reports no new clinical results.
77 citations
,
January 1993 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” In this study, topically applied glucocorticosteroids were found to block hair growth at the stage of hair formation, but not the initiation of hair growth, in a mouse model.
124 citations
,
April 1992 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology” This study observed that cells from androgen-sensitive areas like the beard and scrotum showed higher androgen receptor levels compared to those from non-balding scalp areas, supporting the role of dermal papilla in follicle growth responses to androgens.
34 citations
,
February 1992 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” In this study, the combination of finasteride and minoxidil significantly increased hair growth in balding male stumptail macaques compared to each drug alone.
121 citations
,
March 1989 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Minoxidil can help grow hair in mice by making cells grow and improving hair quality. More research needed.
203 citations
,
November 1984 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” This study presents evidence suggesting that androgenetic alopecia is most likely inherited through a polygenic model, challenging the traditional view that it is caused by a simple Mendelian autosomal dominant gene.
25 citations
,
November 1979 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This article reviews the metabolism and action of androgen in the skin but reports no new experimental results; the author calls for further research.
