Androgenetic alopecia: a review
March 2017
in “Endocrine”
TLDR Male pattern baldness involves genetics, hormones, and needs better treatments.
This document is a review of androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as male pattern baldness. It discusses the genetic and hormonal factors that contribute to the condition, as well as the role of androgens and alpha-reductase in hair loss. The review also covers current treatments for AGA, including minoxidil and finasteride, and their mechanisms of action. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of further research in understanding the underlying causes of AGA and developing more effective treatments.
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research A novel finasteride 0.25% topical solution for androgenetic alopecia: pharmacokinetics and effects on plasma androgen levels in healthy male volunteers
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research No genetic support for a contribution of prostaglandins to the aetiology of androgenetic alopecia
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research Efficacy and safety of 3% minoxidil versus combined 3% minoxidil / 0.1% finasteride in male pattern hair loss: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study.
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research Six Novel Susceptibility Loci for Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Unexpected Association with Common Diseases
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research Hair follicle stem cell differentiation is inhibited through cross‐talk between Wnt/β‐catenin and androgen signalling in dermal papilla cells from patients with androgenetic alopecia
Androgens block hair growth by disrupting cell signals; targeting GSK-3 may help treat hair loss.
research Prostaglandin D 2 Inhibits Hair Growth and Is Elevated in Bald Scalp of Men with Androgenetic Alopecia
PGD2 stops hair growth and is higher in bald men with AGA.
research Susceptibility variants on chromosome 7p21.1 suggest HDAC9 as a new candidate gene for male-pattern baldness
A gene called HDAC9 might be a new factor in male-pattern baldness.
research Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men
Use minoxidil for hair loss; finasteride and dutasteride for men, dutasteride for women.
research Finasteride, 1 mg daily administration on male androgenetic alopecia in different age groups: 10-year follow-up
Finasteride effectively increases hair growth in men with AGA, works better for those over 30, and may cause some side effects.
research Evidence of Increased DNA Methylation of the Androgen Receptor Gene in Occipital Hair Follicles from Men with Androgenetic Alopecia
Men with hair loss have more DNA changes in back-of-head hair follicles, possibly protecting them from thinning.
research Persistent Sexual Side Effects of Finasteride for Male Pattern Hair Loss
Finasteride for hair loss can cause long-lasting sexual side effects like low libido and erectile dysfunction.
research The antiandrogenic effect of finasteride against a mutant androgen receptor
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research Adverse Side Effects of 5α‐Reductase Inhibitors Therapy: Persistent Diminished Libido and Erectile Dysfunction and Depression in a Subset of Patients
Some patients taking finasteride or dutasteride may have ongoing sexual problems and depression even after stopping the medication.
research Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla
Male pattern baldness involves hormones and cell signals affecting hair growth.
research A Mouse Model of Androgenetic Alopecia
Mice with human gene experienced hair loss when treated with DHT.
research Fine mapping of the human AR/EDA2R locus in androgenetic alopecia
Genetic marker rs12558842 strongly linked to male hair loss.
research Gene-wide association study between the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) and female pattern hair loss
Aromatase gene variation may increase female hair loss risk.
research Androgen Receptor Copy Number Variation and Androgenetic Alopecia: A Case-Control Study
No clear link between androgen receptor variation and hair loss, but more research needed.
research Keratinocyte Growth Inhibition through the Modification of Wnt Signaling by Androgen in Balding Dermal Papilla Cells
research Comparing the therapeutic effects of finasteride gel and tablet in treatment of the androgenetic alopecia
research Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11
Researchers found a new gene area linked to male-pattern baldness, which, along with another gene, significantly increases the risk of hair loss in men.
research EDA2R Is Associated with Androgenetic Alopecia
EDA2R gene linked to hair loss.
research Dihydrotestosterone-Inducible Dickkopf 1 from Balding Dermal Papilla Cells Causes Apoptosis in Follicular Keratinocytes
A substance called DKK-1 increases in balding areas and causes hair cells to die when exposed to DHT.
research Androgenetic Alopecia
Male pattern hair loss is genetic and influenced by hormones, with treatments like minoxidil and surgery available.
research Baldness and the androgen receptor: the AR polyglycine repeat polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to androgenetic alopecia
AR polyglycine repeat doesn't cause baldness.
research Efficacy of 5% Minoxidil versus Combined 5% Minoxidil and 0.01% Tretinoin for Male Pattern Hair Loss
Combined minoxidil and tretinoin solution works as well as regular minoxidil for male hair loss.
research The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source
Estrogens significantly influence hair growth by interacting with receptors in hair follicles and may help regulate the hair growth cycle.
research Expression of androgen receptor coactivator ARA70/ELE1 in androgenic alopecia
The protein ARA70/ELE1 is involved in male pattern baldness, and lower levels of its short form may lead to hair thinning.
research Genetic Variation in the Human Androgen Receptor Gene Is the Major Determinant of Common Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia
Genetic variation in the androgen receptor gene mainly causes early-onset hair loss, with maternal inheritance playing a key role.
research The E211 G>A Androgen Receptor Polymorphism Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia
E211 G>A gene linked to lower risk of severe prostate cancer and hair loss.
research Androgenetic alopecia and current methods of treatment.
research Male androgenetic alopecia (Part II)
Finasteride effectively treats male hair loss, increasing length and thickness.
research Androgen action on human skin – from basic research to clinical significance
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research Interaction of chronic ethanol exposure and finasteride: sex and strain differences
Finasteride reduces alcohol withdrawal effects, especially in female mice.
research The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland
Human skin acts like a hormone-producing organ, making and managing various hormones important for skin and hair health.
research Family History and Risk of Hair Loss
Men with a family history of hair loss are more likely to experience it themselves, especially if both parents have hair loss.
research Androgenetic alopecia in men aged 40-69 years: prevalence and risk factors
Hair loss increases with age; alcohol raises risk, more female partners lowers it.
research Molecular Control of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Interactions During Hair Follicle Cycling
research Identification of Androgen-Inducible TGF-β1 Derived from Dermal Papilla Cells as a Key Mediator in Androgenetic Alopecia
TGF-β1 from dermal papilla cells suppresses hair growth, and targeting it may help treat androgenetic alopecia.
research Androgen‐inducible TGF‐β1 from balding dermal papilla cells inhibits epithelial cell growth: a clue to understanding paradoxical effects of androgen on human hair growth
Androgens may cause hair loss by increasing TGF-beta1 from scalp cells, which inhibits hair cell growth.
research Urinary steroids in men with male-pattern alopecia
Men with male-pattern baldness have higher levels of certain testosterone metabolites and may have more active androgen metabolism.
research Comparative Efficacy of Various Treatment Regimens for Androgenetic Alopecia in Men
Best hair growth results from combining finasteride and minoxidil.
research Sebocytes are the Key Regulators of Androgen Homeostasis in Human Skin
Sebocytes play a key role in controlling androgen levels in human skin.
research Teloptosis, a Turning Point in Hair Shedding Biorhythms
Teloptosis is a key point in hair loss that could help in creating prevention-focused hair care strategies.
research CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH FINASTERIDE DAILY DOES NOT AFFECT SPERMATOGENESIS OR SEMEN PRODUCTION IN YOUNG MEN
Finasteride doesn't harm male fertility or sperm quality, but may slightly reduce ejaculate volume.
research The biology of androgenetic alopecia
research The effects of finasteride on scalp skin and serum androgen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia
Finasteride effectively reduces hair loss by decreasing androgen levels.
research The Biology of Hair Follicles
Hair follicle biology advancements may lead to better hair growth disorder treatments.
research Oxidative Activity of the Type 2 Isozyme of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) Predominates in Human Sebaceous Glands
The enzyme 17β-HSD type 2 mainly performs oxidation in human sebaceous glands, which may help protect against acne.
research Androgen Receptor Polymorphisms (CAG Repeat Lengths) in Androgenetic Alopecia, Hirsutism, and Acne
Shorter CAG repeats may cause hair and skin issues, while longer ones may link to acne.
research Balding hair follicle dermal papilla cells contain higher levels of androgen receptors than those from non-balding scalp
Cells from balding scalps have more androgen receptors than cells from non-balding scalps.
research Different Levels of 5α-Reductase Type I and II, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor in Hair Follicles of Women and Men with Androgenetic Alopecia
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research Androgen Induction of Follicular Epithelial Cell Growth Is Mediated via Insulin-like Growth Factor-I from Dermal Papilla Cells
Male hormones promote hair cell growth by using a growth factor from nearby skin cells.
research Interaction between dermal papilla cells and follicular epithelial cells in vitro: effect of androgen.
Testosterone helps beard and axillary hair cells grow by releasing growth factors from dermal papilla cells.
research 9 Role of 5α-reductase in health and disease
5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.
research Cultured dermal papilla cells from androgen-dependent human hair follicles (e.g. beard) contain more androgen receptors than those from non-balding areas of scalp
Beard hair follicles have more androgen receptors than non-balding scalp hair follicles.
research Hair growth effects of oral administration of finasteride, a steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with topical minoxidil in the balding stumptail macaque.
Finasteride and minoxidil together promote hair growth better than either alone.
research Minoxidil Stimulates Mouse Vibrissae Follicles in Organ Culture
Minoxidil can help grow hair in mice by making cells grow and improving hair quality. More research needed.
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Related
research Androgenetic alopecia: a review
Male pattern baldness involves genetics, hormones, and needs better treatments.