The Role of Keratin Proteins and Their Genes in the Growth, Structure, and Properties of Hair

January 1997 in “ Birkhäuser Basel eBooks ”

Barry C. Powell, G.E. Rogers

TLDR Keratin proteins and their genes are crucial for hair growth and structure.

The document explored the structure and formation of hair at the cellular and molecular level, focusing on hair keratin proteins and their genes, including their structure, function, and regulation within the hair follicle. It also examined the major proteins and genes of the inner and outer root sheaths. The study highlighted the significance of hair follicle development, emphasizing the factors involved, and discussed hair genetic diseases, as well as transgenic and gene knockout models. These models were noted for their role in simulating natural mutations, which advanced the understanding of cellular interactions in hair formation.

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Research cited in this study

85 / 85 results

research A Sensitive Assay for the Enzyme Activity in Hair Follicles and Epidermis That Catalyzes the Peptidyl-Arginine-Citrulline Post-Translational Modification

3 citations , April 2015 in “Current problems in dermatology”

A more sensitive assay was developed to detect enzyme activity converting arginine to citrulline in hair follicles.

research Characterization of a Gene Encoding a Cysteine-Rich Keratin Associated Protein Synthesized Late in Rabbit Hair Follicle Differentiation

26 citations , March 1995 in “Differentiation”

A rabbit gene important for hair development was identified and detailed.

research Targeted Expression of SV40 T Antigen in the Hair Follicle of Transgenic Mice Produces an Aberrant Hair Phenotype

14 citations , March 1995 in “Journal of cell science”

SV40 T antigen in hair follicles causes abnormal hair and health issues in mice.

research Differential Expression of Genes Encoding a Cysteine-Rich Keratin Family in the Hair Cuticle

35 citations , September 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Expression of the Bcl-2 Proto-Oncogene in the Cycling Adult Mouse Hair Follicle

122 citations , July 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Ultrastructural visualization of cross-linked protein features in epidermal appendages

43 citations , July 1994 in “Journal of Cell Science”

Cross-linked proteins help maintain the structure of hair, feathers, and hagfish teeth.

research Retinoic Acid and Mouse Skin Morphogenesis. I. Expression Pattern of Retinoic Acid Receptor Genes During Hair Vibrissa Follicle, Plantar, and Nasal Gland Development

24 citations , July 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Sequence and Expression of Murine Type I Hair Keratins mHa2 and mHa3

47 citations , June 1994 in “Experimental Cell Research”

mHa2 and mHa3 keratins have different structures and roles in mouse hair and tongue tissues.

research Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Hair Follicle-Specific Gene, Hacl-1

25 citations , May 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Researchers found a new gene, hacl-1, that is active in mouse hair follicles during hair growth and may be important for hair biology.

research Characterization of a Hair (Wool) Keratin Intermediate Filament Gene Domain

40 citations , February 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Growth of Wool Follicles in Culture

20 citations , February 1994 in “In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal”

Wool follicles can grow in a lab with the right nutrients and conditions.

research Formation of surface membranes in developing mammalian hair fibres

30 citations , January 1994 in “Micron”

Mature hair surfaces are formed by keratinized cells with developed layers, not just modified plasma membranes.

Cells Within the Bulge Region of Mouse Hair Follicle Transiently Proliferate During Early Anagen: Heterogeneity and Functional Differences of Various Hair Cycles

research Cells Within the Bulge Region of Mouse Hair Follicle Transiently Proliferate During Early Anagen: Heterogeneity and Functional Differences of Various Hair Cycles

130 citations , January 1994 in “Differentiation”

Mouse hair follicle cells briefly grow during the early hair growth phase, showing that these cells are important for starting the hair cycle.

research Hair Follicle Proteoglycans.

44 citations , July 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Human Hair Keratins.

38 citations , July 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Human hair keratins

90 citations , July 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Organization and Expression of Hair Follicle Genes

48 citations , July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Hair growth is controlled by specific gene clusters and proteins, and cysteine affects hair gene expression in sheep.

research Skin-Specific Expression of a Truncated E1a Oncoprotein Binding to p105-Rb Leads to Abnormal Hair Follicle Maturation Without Increased Epidermal Proliferation

30 citations , June 1993 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

The oncoprotein causes abnormal hair growth without increasing skin cancer risk.

research The structure of human trichohyalin. Potential multiple roles as a functional EF-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

161 citations , June 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Trichohyalin helps in hair and skin cell structure and function by binding calcium and linking proteins.

research Probing Keratinocyte and Differentiation Specificity of the Human K5 Promoter in Vitro and in Transgenic Mice

133 citations , June 1993 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

The human K5 promoter controls specific gene expression in skin cells, with key regulatory elements near the TATA box.

research Probing keratinocyte and differentiation specificity of the human K5 promoter in vitro and in transgenic mice.

79 citations , June 1993 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

The K5 promoter controls gene expression in skin cells, with specific DNA segments crucial for targeting and regulation.

research Analysis of the sheep trichohyalin gene: potential structural and calcium-binding roles of trichohyalin in the hair follicle.

72 citations , May 1993 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Trichohyalin in sheep hair follicles may help with structure and calcium binding.

research Mouse Notch: Expression in Hair Follicles Correlates with Cell Fate Determination

150 citations , May 1993 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Mouse Notch is important for determining cell roles in hair follicles.

research Fibroblast Growth Factor Influences the Development and Cycling of Murine Hair Follicles

58 citations , April 1993 in “Developmental Biology”

research Mice With a Null Mutation of the TGFα Gene Have Abnormal Skin Architecture, Wavy Hair, and Curly Whiskers and Often Develop Corneal Inflammation

578 citations , April 1993 in “Cell”

TGFα gene mutation in mice causes abnormal skin, wavy hair, curly whiskers, and sometimes eye inflammation.

research Targeting expression of keratinocyte growth factor to keratinocytes elicits striking changes in epithelial differentiation in transgenic mice.

265 citations , March 1993 in “The EMBO Journal”

Keratinocyte growth factor significantly alters skin and tissue development.

research Sequence, expression, and evolutionary conservation of a gene encoding a glycine/tyrosine-rich keratin-associated protein of hair.

76 citations , February 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

KAP6 genes are conserved across species and active in hair follicles.

research Complete sequence of a hair-like intermediate filament type II keratin gene

15 citations , January 1993 in “DNA sequence”

KRT2.13 gene is similar to KRT2.9 but not expressed in hair follicles.

research Human Trichohyalin Gene Is Clustered with the Genes for Other Epidermal Structural Proteins and Calcium-Binding Proteins at Chromosomal Locus 1q21

37 citations , January 1993 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Cachexia and graft-vs.-host-disease-type skin changes in keratin promoter-driven TNF alpha transgenic mice.

150 citations , August 1992 in “Genes & Development”

TNF alpha in skin cells causes weight loss, hair and fat issues, and skin inflammation in mice.

research Structural features and sites of expression of a new murine 65 kD and 48 kD hair-related keratin pair, associated with a special type of parakeratotic epithelial differentiation

28 citations , August 1992 in “Differentiation”

A new pair of mouse keratins, 65 kD and 48 kD, are found in specific skin areas and are linked to a unique skin differentiation type.

research Trichohyalin: Purification from Porcine Tongue Epithelium and Characterization of the Native Protein

16 citations , June 1992 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Interleukin 6: insights to its function in skin by overexpression in transgenic mice.

221 citations , June 1992 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

Interleukin 6 may help protect skin without causing inflammation.

research The Secret Life of the Hair Follicle

745 citations , February 1992 in “Trends in genetics”

Hair follicles create different cell layers and proteins, controlled by various molecules.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

Type II keratin genes are crucial for hair follicle differentiation and have a conserved structure and expression pattern.

research Structure and site of expression of a murine type II hair keratin

18 citations , February 1992 in “Molecular Biology Reports”

A specific type II hair keratin was identified and found in hair cortex and tongue cells.

research Localization of Epidermal Growth Factor Immunoreactivity in Sheep Skin During Wool Follicle Development

67 citations , January 1992 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Chromosomal Localization of Mouse Hair Keratin Genes^a

21 citations , December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

Most mouse hair keratin genes are on chromosomes 11 and 15.

research Regulation of Keratin Gene Expression in Hair Follicle Differentiation^a

98 citations , December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

Keratin gene regulation is similar across mammals, affecting hair follicle differentiation.

research Hair-Specific Keratins: Characterization and Expression of a Mouse Type I Keratin Gene

27 citations , November 1991 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Transient Expression of Mouse Hair Keratins in Transfected HeLa Cells: Interactions Between “Hard” and “Soft” Keratins

25 citations , August 1991 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research The presence of glycoproteins in the cell membrane complex of a variety of keratin fibres

29 citations , July 1991 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects”

research Transgenic mice provide new insights into the role of TGF-alpha during epidermal development and differentiation.

409 citations , May 1991 in “Genes & Development”

TGF-alpha affects skin thickness, hair growth, and may contribute to psoriasis and papilloma formation.

research Expression of Calcyclin, a Calcium-Binding Protein, in the Keratogenous Region of Growing Hair Follicles

40 citations , March 1991 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Patterns of epithelial expression of Fos protein suggest important role in the transition from viable to cornified cell during keratinization

83 citations , February 1991 in “Development”

Fos protein is crucial for cell transition to cornification in keratinized tissues.

research Structure and biochemistry of mammalian hard keratin

252 citations , January 1991 in “Electron Microscopy Reviews”

research An ultrahigh-sulphur keratin gene of the human hair cuticle is located at 11q13 and cross-hybridizes with sequences at 11p15

15 citations , January 1991 in “Mammalian Genome”

research Serine-rich ultra high sulfur protein gene expression in murine hair and skin during the hair cycle.

26 citations , December 1990 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Two specific genes are more active during hair growth in mice.

research Structure and Expression of Genes for a Class of Cysteine-Rich Proteins of the Cuticle Layers of Differentiating Wool and Hair Follicles

67 citations , December 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Researchers found genes for cysteine-rich proteins that form the protective layer of hair in humans and sheep.

research Human hair growth in vitro

385 citations , November 1990 in “Journal of Cell Science”

Human hair follicles can grow in a lab setting.

research Hair-specific expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in transgenic mice under the control of an ultra-high-sulfur keratin promoter.

33 citations , September 1990 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

The study showed that a specific DNA sequence can control gene expression in hair growth areas of mice.

research Cyclic hair-loss and regrowth in transgenic mice overexpressing an intermediate filament gene.

93 citations , May 1990 in “The EMBO Journal”

Mice with extra sheep genes had hair that fell out and regrew in cycles.

research Differential Expression of Type I Hair Keratins

51 citations , March 1990 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research The cDNA-Deduced Amino Acid Sequence for Trichohyalin, a Differentiation Marker in the Hair Follicle, Contains a 23 Amino Acid Repeat

39 citations , February 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Trichohyalin, a hair follicle protein, has a part with repeating patterns of 23 amino acids.

research Expression of keratin K14 in the epidermis and hair follicle: insights into complex programs of differentiation.

198 citations , November 1989 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratin K14 expression varies between hair follicles and epidermis, affecting cell differentiation.

research A family of type I keratin genes and the homeobox-2 gene complex are closely linked to the rex locus on mouse chromosome 11

49 citations , October 1989 in “Genomics”

Type I keratin genes are closely linked to the rex locus on mouse chromosome 11, affecting hair development.

research An Ultra-high Sulfur Keratin Gene is Expressed Specifically During Hair Growth

38 citations , February 1989 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research High-sulfur protein deficient human hair: clinical aspects and biochemical study of two unreported cases of a variant type of trichothiodystrophy

11 citations , January 1989

Two patients had a unique form of trichothiodystrophy with reduced high-sulfur proteins in their hair.

research A new look into an old problem: keratins as tools to investigate determination, morphogenesis, and differentiation in skin.

156 citations , January 1989 in “Genes & Development”

Keratin expression reflects cell organization and differentiation, not causes it.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues

124 citations , December 1988 in “Differentiation”

Trichocytic differentiation starts in cells with epithelial cytokeratins, transitioning to trichocytic cytokeratins in hair and gradually in nails.

research Cloning and Characterization of a Mouse Type I Hair Keratin cDNA

41 citations , December 1988 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues II. Concomitant and mutually exclusive synthesis of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in diverse human and bovine tissues (hair follicle, nail bed and matrix, lingual papilla, thymic reticulum)

187 citations , May 1988 in “Differentiation”

research Concerted gene duplications in the two keratin gene families

53 citations , May 1988 in “Journal of Molecular Evolution”

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues. I. Human and bovine hair follicles

248 citations , April 1988 in “Differentiation”

Human and bovine hair follicles have distinct cytokeratins specific to hair-forming cells.

research A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression.

141 citations , February 1988 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

Only one K16 gene on chromosome 17 makes a functional keratin protein.

research Specific Keratins and their Associated Proteins as Markers for Hair Follicle Differentiation

7 citations , January 1988

Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.

research The complement of native α-keratin polypeptides of hair-forming cells: A subset of eight polypeptides that differ from epithelial cytokeratins

198 citations , October 1986 in “Differentiation”

research Trichohyalin, an Intermediate Filament-Associated Protein of the Hair Follicle

116 citations , April 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Trichohyalin is a protein in hair follicles that helps form hair filaments.

research Immunological characteristics and histological distribution of human hair fibrous proteins studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-2, HKN-4, and HKN-6.

52 citations , February 1986 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

Some hair proteins are specific to hair, while others are also found in skin cells.

research Comparison of Epidermal Growth Factor Binding and Receptor Distribution in Normal Human Epidermis and Epidermal Appendages

323 citations , November 1984 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Distribution of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Rat Tissues During Embryonic Skin Development, Hair Formation, and the Adult Hair Growth Cycle

112 citations , August 1984 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Protein and amino acid composition of hair from mice carrying the naked (N) gene

12 citations , August 1984 in “Genetics Research”

The N gene affects the protein makeup of mouse hair.

research The structure of hair and follicles of mice carrying the naked (N) gene

21 citations , April 1982 in “Genetics Research”

Mice with the naked gene have missing or abnormal hair cells.

research The Cytology and Cytochemistry of the Wool Follicle

90 citations , January 1979 in “International review of cytology”

Wool follicles are complex, involving interactions between different cell types and structures.

research Structural Features of the Alpha-Type Filaments of the Inner Root Sheath Cells of the Guinea Pig Hair Follicle

24 citations , November 1978 in “Biochemistry”

α-type filaments in guinea pig hair follicles have unique structural features.

research The Origin of Citrulline-Containing Proteins in the Hair Follicle and the Chemical Nature of Trichohyalin, an Intracellular Precursor

138 citations , November 1977 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics”

research The Histology of Keratin Fibers

56 citations , January 1977

research Loss of a homologous group of proteins in a dominantly inherited ectodermal malformation

15 citations , October 1976 in “Biochemical Journal”

Naked-mouse hair lacks certain proteins and has less soluble fibril.

research The occurrence of the ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-link in the medulla of hair and quill

49 citations , January 1972 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure”

research iε-(γ^-Glutamyl) lysine cross-linkage in citrulline-containing protein fractions from hair

125 citations , February 1971 in “Biochemistry”

Specific cross-linkages help make hair proteins stable and strong.

research THE LOCALIZATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ARGININE AND CITRULLINE IN PROTEINS OF THE HAIR FOLLICLE

46 citations , November 1963 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry”

Arginine converts to citrulline in hair follicles as proteins harden.

research Newer Findings on the Enzymes and Proteins of Hair Follicles

82 citations , November 1959 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

research Electron Microscope Studies of Hair and Wool

191 citations , November 1959 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

Hair and wool have complex microscopic structures with microfibrils and varying cystine content.

research Electron microscope observations on the glassy layer of the hair follicle*1

24 citations , December 1957 in “Experimental Cell Research”

The glassy layer of hair follicles has different fibril sizes and arrangements in guinea pigs and young mice.

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research Functional Analysis of Keratin Components in the Mouse Hair Follicle Inner Root Sheath

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research Contrasting Localization of c-Myc with Other Myc Superfamily Transcription Factors in the Human Hair Follicle and During the Hair Growth Cycle

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research Expression of E6 and E7 Papillomavirus Oncogenes in the Outer Root Sheath of Hair Follicles Extends the Growth Phase and Bypasses Resting at Telogen

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research Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor on the Morphology and Patterns of DNA Synthesis in Isolated Human Hair Follicles

94 citations , February 1994 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

EGF makes hair follicles grow longer but stops hair production.

research Keratins of the human hair follicle: “Hyperproliferative” keratins consistently expressed in outer root sheath cells in vivo and in vitro

135 citations , November 1987 in “Differentiation”

Outer root sheath cells consistently express certain keratins influenced by their environment.

research Outer root sheath keratinization in anagen and catagen of the mammalian hair follicle. A seventh distinct type of keratinization in the hair follicle: trichilemmal keratinization.

59 citations , August 1981 in “PubMed”

Trichilemmal keratinization is a unique process in hair follicles where the outer root sheath turns into keratin without a specific layer.