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Glossary Paracrine Factors

signaling molecules affecting nearby cells within same tissue

Paracrine factors are signaling molecules that are released by cells and affect nearby target cells within the same tissue. Unlike hormones that travel through the bloodstream to distant sites, paracrine factors act locally to regulate processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. For example, in the context of hair growth, paracrine factors can influence the behavior of hair follicle cells, potentially impacting conditions like alopecia.

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research Comparative Study of Some Potential Paracrine Factors Produced by Normal and Androgenetic Alopecia Hair Follicles

February 2015 in “American journal of medical and biological research”

This study found that molecular differences in paracrine factors between balding and non-balding hair follicles may enhance understanding of androgen action in hair disorders and potentially inform better treatments.

research Narrow-band red LED light promotes mouse hair growth through paracrine growth factors from dermal papilla

23 citations , September 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study explored the effects of a new narrow-band red LED light on hair growth in mice, showing potential benefits compared to existing laser therapies.

research ‘Neurotrophology’ of the hair follicle: neurotrophins act as auto‐ and paracrine growth factors and immunomodulators

August 2006 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that nerve growth factor signaling in organ-cultured human hair follicles inhibits hair growth by inducing apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression.

research Biomaterials Functionalized with MSC Secreted Extracellular Vesicles and Soluble Factors for Tissue Regeneration

220 citations , March 2020 in “Advanced functional materials”

This review discusses the mechanisms and potential therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles delivered via biomaterials, but reports no new clinical results.

research Local Injection of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) Alters Cyclic Growth of Murine Hair Follicles

109 citations , April 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that recombinant human HGF/SF injections altered hair follicle growth cycles and mildly promoted hair elongation in mice, depending on their hair cycle stage.

research The chemotactic effect of a dermal papilla cell-derived factor on outer root sheath cells

47 citations , April 2001 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study found that insulin-like growth factor-I and hepatocyte growth factor increased the chemotactic migration of human hair outer root sheath cells, suggesting these factors have both growth stimulatory and chemotactic effects.

research Paracrine crosstalk between human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and microvascular endothelial cells

35 citations , February 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study found that human follicle dermal papilla cells promote survival, proliferation, and tubulogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells, highlighting their significant role in hair follicle vascular remodeling.

research ACOS23O-002: The Use of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Cytokines and Growth Factors in The Management of Androgenetic Alopecia

December 2023 in “Journal of Asia Pacific Aesthetic Sciences”

This review discusses the potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived cytokines and growth factors as a promising alternative to conventional treatments for androgenetic alopecia, given their favourable outcomes in hair regrowth and follicle repair.

research Fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in hair development

39 citations , July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that daily injections of basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor in newborn mice significantly delayed hair follicle development within the treatment area, while epidermal growth factor affected the entire body coat and caused skin hyperkeratinization.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light-induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism¶

28 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCepsilon in mouse epidermis was associated with increased susceptibility to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, potentially through a mechanism involving tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

research Expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta 1) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) messenger RNA in the developing subcutaneous tissue (SQ) of the fetal pig.

11 citations , January 1992 in “PubMed”

In this study, the researchers found distinct patterns of TGF-beta 1 and IGF-II expression in pig fetal subcutaneous tissue, suggesting specific regulatory roles in developing adipocytes and muscle tissue.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light‐induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism^¶

3 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCɛ in mouse epidermis increased sensitivity to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that a PKCɛ-mediated microenvironment may promote cancer development through specific cytokines like TNFα.

Hair Growth Promoting Effect of Dermal Papilla-Like Tissues from Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

research Hair growth promoting effect of dermal papilla like tissues from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through vascular endothelial growth factor

8 citations , January 2016 in “Journal of Veterinary Medical Science”

This study found that canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived dermal papilla-like tissues promoted new hair follicle formation and increased vascularization in mice, suggesting potential for hair regeneration.

Epidermal β-Catenin Activation Remodels the Dermis via Paracrine Signaling to Distinct Fibroblast Lineages

research Epidermal β-catenin activation remodels the dermis via paracrine signalling to distinct fibroblast lineages

115 citations , February 2016 in “Nature Communications”

The authors concluded that the dermal response to epidermal Wnt/β-catenin signaling depends on distinct fibroblast lineages, with each responding to different paracrine signals such as Hedgehog and TGF-β.

research Transplanted hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells alleviated small intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury via intrinsic and paracrine mechanisms in a rat model

6 citations , October 2022 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This study suggests that hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells may alleviate small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by promoting angiogenesis, reducing apoptosis, and enhancing intestinal stem cell expression.

research Conditioned Medium from Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Towards the Clinical Translation

166 citations , April 2019 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

The researchers reported that they predicted associations between certain components of MSC-conditioned medium and its ability to stimulate cell migration in vitro, identifying factors affecting its biological activity.

research Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

100 citations , September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of androgens and androgen receptors in skin disorders, particularly androgenetic alopecia, and reports no new clinical results; it highlights potential areas for future treatment development.

research Conditioned media derived from mesenchymal stem cell cultures: The next generation for regenerative medicine

88 citations , January 2019 in “Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine”

This review discusses current uses and advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned media as a potential regenerative therapy but does not present new clinical findings.

research The Hair Follicle: A Paradoxical Androgen Target Organ

66 citations , January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics”

This study suggests that the paradoxical effects of androgens on hair growth are due to differential gene expression in hair follicles, possibly established during embryogenesis.

research Emerging nonmetabolic functions of skin fat

65 citations , January 2018 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

This review discusses the unique features of dermal white adipose tissue, its interaction with hair follicles, and its role in skin physiology, reporting no new experimental findings.

research Keratinocytes regulate the function of melanocytes

55 citations , December 2014 in “Dermatologica sinica/Zhōnghuá pífūkē yīxué zázhì”

This article discusses the interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes in maintaining epidermal and hair follicle homeostasis, without reporting new experimental results.

research Stem cell secretome as a new booster for regenerative medicine

54 citations , August 2019 in “Bioscience trends”

This review discusses the potential of stem cell secretome in regenerative medicine and suggests that its paracrine effects, rather than direct cell replacement, may drive therapeutic benefits.

research In vitro characterization of human hair follicle dermal sheath mesenchymal stromal cells and their potential in enhancing diabetic wound healing

52 citations , May 2015 in “Cytotherapy”

This study found that human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from hair follicle dermal sheath showed promising growth and wound-healing properties in vitro and in diabetic mice, suggesting potential for therapeutic use.

research Defects in Androgen Biosynthesis Causing 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development

46 citations , October 2012 in “Seminars in reproductive medicine”

This review describes how recent discoveries in genetic defects and alternative pathways in androgen biosynthesis are reshaping our understanding of male sexual differentiation, but it presents no new clinical findings.

research Exploring pericyte and cardiac stem cell secretome unveils new tactics for drug discovery

26 citations , December 2016 in “Pharmacology & Therapeutics”

This review discusses the paracrine properties of cardiac stem cells and pericytes in regenerative medicine for ischaemic diseases and reports no new clinical results.

MSCs and Their Exosomes: A Rapidly Evolving Approach in the Context of Cutaneous Wound Therapy

research MSCs and their exosomes: a rapidly evolving approach in the context of cutaneous wounds therapy

25 citations , December 2021 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

This review discusses the potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their exosomes in promoting wound healing and skin regeneration, but reports no new experimental results.

research Critical Role of ATP-P2X7 Axis in UV-Induced Melanogenesis

23 citations , March 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that extracellular ATP released from UVB-irradiated keratinocytes promotes melanin production through the P2X7 receptor, indicating a role for ATP-P2X7 signaling in UV-induced melanogenesis.

research Use of priming strategies to advance the clinical application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-based therapy

16 citations , January 2024 in “World Journal of Stem Cells”

This review highlights the need for optimizing mesenchymal stromal/stem cell therapy through tailored in vitro strategies to unlock their full potential for treating specific diseases.

research Restoration of hair-inductive activity of cultured human follicular keratinocytes by co-culturing with dermal papilla cells

14 citations , September 2018 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

This study suggests that co-culturing human outer root sheath cells with human dermal papilla cells can restore their ability to induce hair growth by altering gene expression through paracrine signaling.

research Effect of mesenchymal cells on human hair growth and death

4 citations , March 2008 in “Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering”

Mesenchymal cells can significantly boost human hair growth and longevity.