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GlossaryCD4 (T helper cell)

protein on immune cells crucial for signaling and HIV entry

CD4 is a type of protein found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as T-helper cells. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system by signaling other cells to perform their functions. CD4 is also the primary receptor that HIV uses to enter and infect these immune cells, which can lead to a weakened immune system.

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T helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell imbalance in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: the link to hair follicle dissection, obesity, smoking and autoimmune comorbidities

research T helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell imbalance in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: the link to hair follicle dissection, obesity, smoking and autoimmune comorbidities

66 citations , June 2018 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

An imbalance between certain immune cells is linked to a chronic skin condition and may be influenced by obesity, smoking, and autoimmune issues.

research Imbalance of T‐helper 17 and regulatory T cells in patients with alopecia areata

62 citations , June 2015 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

People with alopecia areata have more Th17 cells and fewer Treg cells, which may be key to the condition's development.

The Phenotype of Circulating Follicular-Helper T Cells in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Defines CD200 as a Potential Therapeutic Target

research The Phenotype of Circulating Follicular-Helper T Cells in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Defines CD200 as a Potential Therapeutic Target

32 citations , January 2012 in “Clinical & Developmental Immunology”

Targeting CD200 could be a new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

research Sphingolipid metabolism orchestrates the establishment of the adult hair follicle stem cell niche to control skin homeostasis

January 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

A specific enzyme is essential for proper hair follicle stem cell development and healthy skin.

Hepatitis <scp>C</scp>‐related mixed type vitiligo in a patient with <scp>I</scp>vemark syndrome

research Hepatitis C‐related mixed type vitiligo in a patient with Ivemark syndrome

1 citations , January 2014 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

A patient with Ivemark syndrome developed mixed type vitiligo after a hepatitis C infection, showing different treatment responses and immune cell involvement in the skin.

research Sebaceous Gland, Hair Shaft, and Epidermal Barrier Abnormalities in Keratosis Pilaris with and without Filaggrin Deficiency

23 citations , April 2015 in “The American journal of pathology”

Keratosis pilaris is often linked to genetic mutations and causes skin and hair abnormalities, regardless of those mutations.

research Androgenetic alopecia and hair growth promotion state of the art: Present and future

8 citations , October 1988 in “Clinics in Dermatology”

Current research explores hair growth drugs, while future research aims for personalized treatments.

research Alopecia Areata: A Complex Cytokine Driven Disease

3 citations , November 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

Alopecia areata is a hair loss disease caused by complex immune reactions, and new targeted treatments show promise.

research Lupus comédonien

7 citations , November 2007 in “Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie”

A man was diagnosed with a rare form of lupus after showing unique skin symptoms that responded well to treatment.

research Human αβ and γδ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease

83 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Certain types of T cells are essential for healthy skin and play a role in skin diseases, but more research is needed to improve treatments.

research Inhibition of T-cell activity in alopecia areata: recent developments and new directions

4 citations , November 2023 in “Frontiers in immunology”

New treatments targeting T-cell pathways are needed for better alopecia areata management.

research T cell and bacterial microbiota interaction at intestinal and skin epithelial interfaces

January 2023 in “Discovery immunology”

T cells and bacteria in the gut and skin help maintain health and protect against disease.

research Regulatory T cells in inflammatory skin disease: from mice to humans

43 citations , February 2019 in “International immunology”

Special immune cells called Regulatory T cells help control skin inflammation and repair in various skin diseases.

research The Effects of Androgens on T Cells: Clues to Female Predominance in Autoimmune Liver Diseases?

34 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Androgens may influence T cells, contributing to higher autoimmune liver disease risk in women.

research Regulatory T cells are required for normal and activin‐promoted wound repair in mice

29 citations , March 2018 in “European Journal of Immunology”

Regulatory T cells are essential for normal and improved wound healing in mice.

Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma on hair regrowth and lesional T-cell cytokine expression in alopecia areata: A randomized observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, split-head pilot study

research Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma on hair regrowth and lesional T-cell cytokine expression in alopecia areata: A randomized observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, split-head pilot study

9 citations , May 2021 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Platelet-rich plasma may help restore immune balance in bald patches, but its effectiveness in treating hair loss is limited.

research Exploring Mast Cell–CD8 T Cell Interactions in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

6 citations , January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Mast cells and CD8 T cells interact closely in skin diseases, affecting each other's behavior and contributing to conditions like psoriasis and eczema.

Ovarian leukocyte distribution and cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression in follicular fluid cells in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

research Ovarian leukocyte distribution and cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression in follicular fluid cells in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

69 citations , September 2006 in “Human Reproduction”

Women with PCOS have fewer activated T cells in their ovarian follicles, which might affect fertility.

The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region as Well as the Hair Bulb Area in the Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

research The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region as Well as the Hair Bulb Area in the Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

18 citations , January 2017 in “Annals of dermatology/Annals of Dermatology”

Certain immune cells contribute to severe hair loss in chronic alopecia areata, with Th17 cells possibly having a bigger impact than cytotoxic T cells.

research Regulatory T cells in skin regeneration and wound healing

3 citations , October 2023 in “Military Medical Research/Military medical research”

Regulatory T cells help heal skin and grow hair, and their absence can lead to healing issues and hair loss.

Human Regulatory T Cells: Understanding the Role of Tregs in Select Autoimmune Skin Diseases and Post-Transplant Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

research Human Regulatory T Cells: Understanding the Role of Tregs in Select Autoimmune Skin Diseases and Post-Transplant Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

1 citations , January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Understanding how Regulatory T Cells work could help create treatments for certain skin diseases and cancers.

Ex Vivo Treatment with Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells of a Healthy Donor on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata: Targeting Dysregulated T Cells and the Acquisition of Immunotolerance

research Ex Vivo Treatment with Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells of a Healthy Donor on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Severe Alopecia Areata: Targeting Dysregulated T Cells and the Acquisition of Immunotolerance

1 citations , October 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Using healthy donor stem cells can potentially calm overactive immune cells and reduce inflammation in severe hair loss patients, offering a possible treatment method.

research Tissue Resident Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells: Sentinels and Saboteurs in Health and Disease

9 citations , March 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells are important for immunity and tolerance, affect hair growth and wound healing, and their dysfunction can contribute to obesity-related diseases and other health issues.

research The expanding impact of T-regs in the skin

2 citations , September 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

T-regulatory cells are important for skin health and can affect hair growth and reduce skin inflammation.

research Altered expression of intracellular Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with alopecia areata

12 citations , June 2016 in “BBA clinical”

Increased Toll-like receptors in blood cells may contribute to alopecia areata and could be a target for new treatments.

research The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata

60 citations , September 2015 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology”

Lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T cells, play a key role in causing alopecia areata, and targeting them may lead to new treatments.

research The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing

147 citations , November 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Keratinocytes help heal skin wounds by interacting with immune cells and producing substances that kill pathogens.

Decreased CD200R expression on monocyte-derived macrophages correlates with Th17/Treg imbalance and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients

research Decreased CD200R expression on monocyte-derived macrophages correlates with Th17/Treg imbalance and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients

31 citations , February 2014 in “Inflammation Research”

Lower CD200R1 on certain immune cells is linked to more severe rheumatoid arthritis and immune imbalance.

research Treg–tissue cell interactions in repair and regeneration

April 2024 in “The Journal of experimental medicine/The journal of experimental medicine”

Treg cells help repair and regenerate tissues by interacting with local cells.

research A case report of alopecia totalis associated with permanent hair dye use

4 citations , September 2020 in “JAAD case reports”

Permanent hair dye may cause total hair loss.