186 citations
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July 1998 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery” This study found that shorter CAG-repeat lengths in the androgen receptor may be associated with the development of androgen-mediated skin disorders like androgenetic alopecia, acne, and hirsutism in both men and women.
93 citations
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June 2001 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that serum androgen levels in premenopausal women may be influenced by genetic variants of the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor β genes.
54 citations
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November 2001 in “Urology” This review discusses the association between androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and several health conditions, including Kennedy’s disease and urologic disorders, without reporting new clinical results.
45 citations
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November 2012 This review discusses the association between androgen receptor gene polymorphism and PCOS, reporting mixed findings on whether shorter or longer CAG repeats are linked to the disorder; it provides no new results and calls for further studies.
44 citations
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January 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” This study suggests that androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length may influence serum free testosterone levels in some PCOS patients, with longer repeats associated with higher testosterone concentrations.
41 citations
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October 2011 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology” This meta-analysis suggests that the G allele of AR StuI polymorphism might be a potential risk factor for AGA, particularly in white populations.
29 citations
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July 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” This review discusses the potential role of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism testing in hypogonadism management for both sexes, but its clinical utility remains unclear and requires further investigation.
25 citations
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August 2006 in “Human Reproduction” This study found that the GGC repeat length significantly influenced testosterone levels in oral contraceptive users from high-risk breast cancer families, and homozygosity for short alleles may be linked to increased breast cancer risk.
23 citations
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January 2014 in “International Journal of Biological Sciences” This study found that African American men with prostate cancer have higher rates of somatic and germline androgen receptor mutations than Caucasian American men, which may contribute to ethnic differences in disease progression and outcomes.
15 citations
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August 2010 in “Fertility and sterility” This study found that girls with polycystic ovary syndrome and longer SHBG and AR gene repeats experienced greater improvements in lipid and androgen levels after one year of metformin treatment.
11 citations
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March 2014 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” In this study, researchers found that androgen receptor gene polymorphism is associated with higher androgenetic alopecia grades and PSA levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, but not with prostate cancer.
9 citations
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September 2014 in “Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention” This study found that men without prostate cancer carrying the A-allele of SNP rs1204038 had a 65% higher risk of PSA levels above 3 ng/mL compared to those with the G-allele, increasing referrals for further examination.
7 citations
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January 2019 in “Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii” This study found that the count of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor gene may be associated with acne in female patients without hyperandrogenism.
June 2023 in “International Journal of Research in Dermatology” In this study, Egyptian nodulocystic acne patients had significantly fewer CAG repeats in their androgen receptor gene compared to controls, which may influence acne development and suggest a role for antiandrogen therapy in treatment strategies.
December 2010 in “Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii” This article reviews molecular and genetic mechanisms in the development of androgenic alopecia and examines the relationship between androgen receptor gene polymorphism and androgen-dependent diseases, but reports no new clinical results.
1 citations
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January 2019 in “Journal of Research in Medical Sciences” This study found that a lower number of GGC sequences in the androgen receptor gene was associated with better clinical response to finasteride in male androgenetic alopecia patients.
January 2009 in “Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics” This study, conducted among Egyptians, found a borderline significant association between the Stul polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene and androgenetic alopecia in males, with higher androgen receptor expression in balding scalp areas.
October 2011 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature” Certain gene variations are significantly linked to hair loss, especially in white people.
January 2009 in “Journal of Clinical Dermatology” This study suggests that variations in CAG repeat numbers in the androgen receptor gene may not significantly influence the risk of androgenetic alopecia in Korean males.
9 citations
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March 2009 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” This study found that variations in the androgen receptor gene influenced memory function in women, with GGN repeat polymorphisms significantly affecting logical memory performance only in females.
April 2011 in “Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii” This study found an association between 'short' CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene and increased non-random X chromosome inactivation in women with androgenic alopecia.
10 citations
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November 2010 in “Journal of Dermatology” In this study, the researchers reported that finasteride's efficacy in treating female pattern hair loss in Japanese patients was not predictable based on CAG repeat numbers in the androgen receptor gene.
March 2021 in “Medico-Legal Update” In this study, no significant change in androgen receptor gene expression was found in females with recurrent spontaneous abortion, but a mutant genotype may offer some protection against the condition.
60 citations
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January 2007 in “Human Genetics” In this study, researchers found that while the SNP rs6152 is strongly associated with androgenetic alopecia, the GGN triplet repeat is not, suggesting the causative variant is likely a non-coding one.
16 citations
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September 2014 in “International Journal of Biological Markers” This study found that the less common CAG-rs4045402 and GGN-rs3138869 polymorphisms were more frequent in patients with post-finasteride syndrome and androgenetic alopecia, suggesting a genetic predisposition to AGA development.
7 citations
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June 2022 in “Biology” In this study, researchers observed that male COVID-19 patients with more than 23 CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene and lower testosterone levels experienced more severe disease outcomes.
October 2025 in “Scientific Reports” In this study of 131 healthy men aged 30 to 45, no relationship was found between androgen receptor gene polymorphisms related to androgen sensitivity and biological age markers, suggesting that other factors may influence the aging process independently of these genetic variations.
January 2011 in “The Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology” This study found that shorter GGN repeat lengths (≤23) in the androgen receptor gene are associated with androgenetic alopecia among Chinese males, whereas two specific SNPs studied were not present in this population.
34 citations
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January 2000 in “Journal of Andrology” This study found no difference in CAG repeat length between Chinese and Australian men, refuting the hypothesis that this polymorphism and central prostate zone volume are markers of long-term androgen sensitivity.
14 citations
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December 2016 in “Sexual Medicine” This study identified differences in adverse symptoms among patients with post-finasteride syndrome based on short and long androgen receptor gene polymorphisms.