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Glossary Regulatory T Cells

specialized immune cells that prevent autoimmune responses

Regulatory T Cells, often abbreviated as Tregs, are a specialized subset of T cells in the immune system that help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases. They function by suppressing the activity of other immune cells, thereby preventing excessive or misdirected immune responses that could damage the body's own tissues.

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research 083 More Expression of IL-17 than IFN-γ from CD49a-negative Tissue-Resident Memory T (Trm) cells at the Hair Bulge and Hair Bulb Region in the Scalp of Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients according to the Foxp3+mTregs depletion

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that in chronic alopecia areata, increased IL-17 expression and CD8+CD49a-Trm cell infiltration in hair follicles were associated with more severe histopathologic gradings, while Foxp3+mTreg infiltration decreased.

research Human epidermal resident memory T cells: beyond the dermal perspective

July 2026 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review highlights the role of epidermal tissue-resident memory T (T RM) cells in human skin, showing their involvement in immune surveillance and regulation within the epidermis, and suggesting their importance in understanding skin diseases like HIV infection and vitiligo.

research 068 Pathogenic Th17 cells, CD8+CD69+CD49a- tissue-resident memory T cells and common γ chain receptor + natural killer cells express more IL-17, compared to IFN-γ, under the foxp3+ memory regulatory T cells-depleted microenvironment in patients with chronic alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This research explored the roles of various T cell types in chronic alopecia areata, finding that increased severity of lesions and hair loss may be linked to decreased lesional Foxp3+ Tregs, with a notable role for IL-17 and Th17 lymphocytes in the pathological process.

research Distinct Regulatory Programs Control the Latent Regenerative Potential of Dermal Fibroblasts during Wound Healing

128 citations , August 2020 in “Cell stem cell”

In this study, researchers found that extrafollicular progenitors marked by Hic1 are the main contributors to reparative fibroblasts in wound repair, with potential to modulate healing outcomes through genetic and pharmacological interventions.

research Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration

188 citations , March 2018 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review discusses the role of regulatory T-cells in tissue repair and regeneration across various organs and reports no new clinical results.

Regulatory T Cells in Skin: Role of Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs in Skin Homeostasis and Immune Tolerance

research Regulatory T cells in skin

110 citations , July 2017 in “Immunology”

This review discusses the role of regulatory T cells in skin, including their impact on hair follicle regeneration, wound healing, and immune tolerance, without presenting new clinical findings.

T Helper 17 Cell/Regulatory T-Cell Imbalance in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa: The Link to Hair Follicle Dissection, Obesity, Smoking, and Autoimmune Comorbidities

research T helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell imbalance in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: the link to hair follicle dissection, obesity, smoking and autoimmune comorbidities

66 citations , March 2018 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This article reviews the role of perifollicular regulatory T cells in maintaining hair follicle integrity in the context of hidradenitis suppurativa and calls attention to inflammatory mechanisms without reporting new clinical results.

research Regulatory T Cells: the Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

This review summarizes recent advances in Treg cell biology, focusing on Foxp3's role in immune regulation and therapeutic reprogramming for immune dysregulatory disorders, but reports no new clinical results.

research Regulatory T cells: master orchestrators of immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis

2 citations , June 2026 in “Frontiers in Science”

This review examines the potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies to transform treatment across various medical specialties by promoting immune tolerance and tissue repair, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Regulatory T cell dysfunction and immunotherapeutic breakthroughs in type 1 diabetes

2 citations , January 2026 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

This review discusses the impaired functionality of regulatory T cells in the pancreas during the development of Type 1 diabetes, highlighting their role in disease pathogenesis, potential of Treg-based therapies, and challenges in clinical applications.

research HuR ablation destabilizes Foxp3 mRNA and impairs regulatory T cell function, contributing to an autoimmune phenotype

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

In this study, researchers using a Treg-specific HuR-deficient mouse model found that the RNA-binding protein HuR is crucial for stabilizing Foxp3 mRNA, affecting Treg function and immune regulation, with HuR disruption leading to impaired Foxp3 expression and potential autoimmune dysfunction.

research Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Steady State and Tumor

January 2026 in “Immune Network”

This review discusses the heterogeneity of Tregs in normal and tumor environments, emphasizing the complexity of targeting tumor-resident Tregs while maintaining systemic immune tolerance, but reports no new findings.

Regulatory Effect of Beta-Catenin on Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Involves PI3K/Akt Pathway

research Regulatory effect of β-catenin on proliferation of hair follicle stem cells involves PI3K/Akt pathway

11 citations , March 2013 in “Journal of Applied Biomedicine”

This study found that β-catenin is essential for hair follicle stem cell proliferation and may regulate this process through the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.

CD80CD86 Deficiency Disrupts Regulatory CD4+FoxP3+ T Cell Homeostasis and Induces Autoimmune-Like Alopecia

research CD80CD86 deficiency disrupts regulatory CD4+FoxP3+T cell homoeostasis and induces autoimmune-like alopecia

6 citations , April 2017 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that B6.CD80CD86−/− mice developed autoimmune-like alopecia with nearly 100% incidence by 40 weeks, making them a promising model for studying human alopecia areata.

Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease

research Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease

30 citations , July 2019 in “PloS one”

This study found that T-regulatory cells, specifically the FOXP3 CD39 subset, were significantly reduced in both circulation and hair follicles of alopecia areata patients compared to healthy subjects, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

research Control of hair follicle cell fate by underlying mesenchyme through a CSL–Wnt5a–FoxN1 regulatory axis

95 citations , July 2010 in “Genes & development”

In this study, the researchers reported that Notch/CSL signaling is crucial for hair follicle differentiation, with Wnt5a signaling and FoxN1 acting as mediators in mice.

Expression and Roles of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein in Non-Classical, Extra-Adrenal, and Extra-Gonadal Cells and Tissues

research Expression and roles of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in ‘non-classical’, extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal cells and tissues

48 citations , February 2013 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

This review discusses the presence of the StAR protein in 17 non-classical steroidogenic tissues, suggesting that advanced detection methods are needed for a complete understanding of its functions in these tissues.

research Treg–tissue cell interactions in repair and regeneration

April 2024 in “The Journal of experimental medicine/The journal of experimental medicine”

This review discusses how regulatory T cells, known for their immunosuppressive role, also produce repair mediators critical for tissue repair and regeneration, acting on non-immune cells in tissue-specific contexts, and highlights areas for future research in tissue repair, fibrosis, and cancer.

research Regulatory T cells in skin regeneration and wound healing

3 citations , October 2023 in “Military Medical Research/Military medical research”

This review explores the crucial role of regulatory T cells in skin wound healing, emphasizing their involvement in balancing immune responses and promoting regeneration. It also discusses Tregs' operations in fibrosis, keloidosis, and scarring, suggesting a potential avenue for novel treatments.

research The potential of regulatory T cell-based therapies for alopecia areata

May 2023 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This article discusses the role of regulatory T cells in alopecia areata, where their deficiency in hair follicles may lead to impaired local immunity and suggests potential therapies like CAR-T reg cells and low-dose IL-2 to alleviate autoimmunity and promote hair regeneration in affected individuals.

Human Regulatory T Cells: Role in Autoimmune Skin Diseases and Post-Transplant Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

research Human Regulatory T Cells: Understanding the Role of Tregs in Select Autoimmune Skin Diseases and Post-Transplant Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

1 citations , January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review explores the role of Tregs in autoimmune skin diseases, transplantation, and skin cancer, and discusses Tregs-based therapies' potential for treating autoimmunity without reporting new experimental results.

Human FOXN1 Deficiency Is Associated with Alpha Beta Double-Negative and FoxP3 Positive T-Cell Expansions That Are Distinctly Modulated upon Thymic Transplantation

research Human FOXN1-Deficiency Is Associated with αβ Double-Negative and FoxP3+ T-Cell Expansions That Are Distinctly Modulated upon Thymic Transplantation

32 citations , May 2012 in “PloS one”

This study found that despite the persistence of aberrant double-negative T-cells, functional immune-competence was maintained after thymic transplantation in a patient with a rare FOXN1 mutation.

research Regulatory T cells in dominant immunologic tolerance

26 citations , September 2023 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

Regulatory T cells help prevent autoimmunity and have potential for treating autoimmune diseases.

research Tissue Resident Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells: Sentinels and Saboteurs in Health and Disease

9 citations , March 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review discusses the roles and mechanisms of tissue-resident regulatory T cells in immune regulation and tissue homeostasis, but reports no new experimental results.

The Regulatory Role of the Tetrapeptide AcSDKP in Skin and Hair Physiology and the Prevention of Aging Effects in These Tissues – A Potential Cosmetic Role

research The regulatory role of the tetrapeptide AcSDKP in skin and hair physiology and the prevention of ageing effects in these tissues – a potential cosmetic role

13 citations , March 2013 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This study reports that the tetrapeptide AcSDKP significantly promotes skin and hair health in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting it could be used cosmetically to counteract skin aging and hair loss.

research Deciphering gene regulatory programs in mouse embryonic skin through single-cell multiomics analysis

July 2025 in “Genome biology”

This study highlighted the effectiveness of HT-scCAT-seq as a tool for understanding gene regulation in single cells, offering insights into embryonic skin development and proposing a framework for exploring regulatory mechanisms in various biological and disease contexts.

research Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells and Low Dose of IL-2 in Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

23 citations , January 2016 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This review discusses the potential of combining low-dose IL-2 with islet antigens to enhance antigen-specific Treg function in type 1 diabetes, but reports no new clinical results.

research An immune regulatory CCT repeat containing oligodeoxynucleotide capable of causing hair loss in male mice

January 2016 in “Human & Experimental Toxicology”

This study reported that CCT oligodeoxynucleotide induced patchy hair loss in male mice with specific genetic traits, suggesting gender and genetic preferences in immune response.

research Melatonin-Mediated Circadian Rhythm Signaling Exhibits Bidirectional Regulatory Effects on the State of Hair Follicle Stem Cells

February 2025 in “Biomolecules”

This research found that melatonin has a bidirectional effect on hair follicle stem cell survival, improving it at low doses and inhibiting it at high doses.

research lncRNA2919 Suppresses Rabbit Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation via trans-Regulatory Actions

4 citations , August 2022 in “Cells”

This study found that the lncRNA lncRNA2919 is involved in hair follicle regeneration by downregulating growth-related genes, inhibiting cell proliferation, and promoting apoptosis in rabbit dermal papilla cells.