Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Steady State and Tumor

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit significant heterogeneity in both the steady state and tumor environments, adapting to distinct developmental, cytokine-dependent, and tissue-specific programs. This diversity allows Tregs to maintain barrier integrity, regulate inflammation, and support tissue repair. In tumors, Tregs differentiate further due to chronic antigen exposure and local cues, developing specialized suppressive functions. The review discusses developmental pathways, tissue residency, transcriptional profiling, and tumor-specific adaptations of Tregs, and explores therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting tumor-resident Tregs while preserving systemic immune tolerance.