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Glossary MHC class I

present protein fragments to cytotoxic T cells for immune response

MHC class I, or Major Histocompatibility Complex class I, are molecules found on the surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body. They play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting small fragments of proteins (peptides) from inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. This helps the immune system recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells.

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Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen in 13 Cases of Familial Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: CYP21A2 Gene p.V281L Mutation from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Linked to HLA Class I Haplotype HLA-A*33:01; B*14:02; C*08:02 as a Genetic Marker

research Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen ( HLA ) in 13 cases of familial frontal fibrosing alopecia: CYP 21A2 gene p.V281L mutation from congenital adrenal hyperplasia linked to HLA class I haplotype HLA ‐ A33:01 ; B14:02; C*08:02 as a genetic marker

7 citations , January 2019 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, the CYP 21A2 gene p.V281L mutation was associated with an increased susceptibility to familial frontal fibrosing alopecia, suggesting an antigen-driven mechanism linked to certain human leukocyte antigen haplotypes.

research Immune privilege and alopecia areata

4 citations , April 2010 in “Expert review of dermatology”

This article discusses the immune privilege in hair follicles and suggests that restoring its collapse might be an effective strategy for treating alopecia areata and cicatricial alopecia, but it reports no new clinical results.

research LB1029 The common fragrance, linalool, promotes core hair follicle pathology events associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia through activating a cognate olfactory receptor in the bulge

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Linalool in fragrances may harm hair follicles and contribute to hair loss.

research Dandruff lesional scalp skin exhibits epidermal T cell infiltration and a weakened hair follicle immune privilege

March 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This study observed that dandruff-affected scalp skin has increased T-cell infiltration in the epidermis and a reduction in the hair follicle's physiological immune privilege, particularly in the suprabulbar outer root sheath area, indicating a distinct immune microenvironment compared to healthy scalp.

Pre-Clinical In-Vitro Assays for High Throughput Screening of Drug Candidates for Protection and Restoration of Immune Privilege in Alopecia Areata

research 1419 Pre-clinical in-vitro assays for high throughput screening of drug candidates for protection and restoration of immune privilege in alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This research developed new in vitro models for high-throughput screening of drugs that could protect or restore immune privilege in hair follicles, finding that Tofacitinib was effective in preventing inflammation-related marker upregulation, while Tacrolimus and αMSH worked specifically in outer root sheath keratinocytes.

research 1432 IL-9/IL-9R signaling as a novel regulator of human hair follicle growth and immune privilege

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

In ex vivo organ culture of human scalp hair follicles, this study found that IL-9 signaling inhibits hair growth, reduces progenitor cell generation, and disrupts immune privilege.

research ESDR382 - Environmental pathobiology of frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA): Does linalool promote FFA development and progression by inducing epithelial hair follicle stem cell damage and MICA expression in the bulge?

September 2022

Linalool in personal care products may worsen frontal fibrosing alopecia by damaging hair follicle stem cells and triggering harmful immune responses.

Immunohistochemical Insight Into the Association Between the Collapse of Immune Privilege in the Sweat Gland and Syringotropic Immune Cell Infiltrates in Collagen Diseases

research 259 Immunohistochemical insight into the association between the collapse of immune privilege in the sweat gland and syringotropic immune cell infiltrates in collagen diseases

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that sweat glands may have an immune privilege similar to hair follicles, and disruptions in this could contribute to autoimmune skin diseases.

research Two mouse mutations mapped to chromosome 11 with differing morphologies but similar progressive inflammatory alopecia

7 citations , May 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study reports that two mouse models of scarring alopecia exhibit similar patterns of hair loss progression despite histological differences in inflammatory cell localization and MHC class I expression.

research MHC Class I-Like MILL Molecules Are β2-Microglobulin-Associated, GPI-Anchored Glycoproteins That Do Not Require TAP for Cell Surface Expression

16 citations , September 2006 in “The Journal of Immunology”

This study identified that mouse MILL1 and MILL2 are glycoproteins distinct from human MICA/B, primarily due to their association with β2-microglobulin and TAP-independent surface expression.

research Probing the Effects of Stress Mediators on the Human Hair Follicle

159 citations , November 2007 in “American Journal of Pathology”

In this study, researchers found that substance P triggered premature catagen development and immune changes in human scalp hair follicles, providing a possible biological link between stress and hair loss conditions like telogen effluvium and alopecia areata.

research 516 Possible role of ILC1 in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA)

3 citations , April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This research suggests that innate lymphoid cells type 1 (ILC1) may contribute to the development of alopecia areata, alongside CD8+ T cells, by disrupting hair follicle immune privilege and promoting features of the disease.

research Somatostatin Expression in Human Hair Follicles and Its Potential Role in Immune Privilege

27 citations , January 2013 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified somatostatin as a potential secretory factor contributing to the immune privilege of human hair follicles.

research Immunology of the Human Nail Apparatus: The Nail Matrix Is a Site of Relative Immune Privilege

139 citations , October 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study describes previously unknown immune characteristics of the normal human nail, highlighting its similarities to the hair follicle immune system and suggesting an immune privilege in the proximal nail matrix that both provides autoimmunity protection and presents infection susceptibility.

research Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) may award relative protection from interferon‐γ‐induced collapse of human hair follicle immune privilege

47 citations , December 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study suggests that the neuropeptide CGRP may protect against, but not restore, IFNγ-induced collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in alopecia areata.

research Can the Hair Follicle Become a Model for Studying Selected Aspects of Human Ocular Immune Privilege?

21 citations , June 2011 in “Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science”

This article argues that human scalp hair follicles could serve as a surrogate model for studying immune privilege in the human eye, offering a novel approach for ocular IP research.

research DISRUPTION OF HAIR FOLLICLE IMMUNE PRIVILEGE IN ALOPECIA AREATA: ENIGMATIC MECHANISMS AND EMERGING CONCEPTS

June 2025 in “Academic Medical Journal”

This review discusses the mechanisms underlying the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in alopecia areata and emphasizes the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune tolerance.

Alopecia Areata Susceptibility Variant Identified by MHC Risk Haplotype Sequencing Reproduces Symptomatic Patched Hair Loss in Mice

research Alopecia areata susceptibility variant identified by MHC risk haplotype sequencing reproduces symptomatic patched hair loss in mice

April 2018 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study identified a specific genetic variant in the CCHCR1 gene that may contribute to alopecia areata through impaired keratinization, suggesting an alternative mechanism beyond autoimmune causes.

research Single‐cell transcriptomics reveals a senescence‐associated IL ‐6/ CCR6 axis driving radiodermatitis

9 citations , July 2022 in “EMBO molecular medicine”

This study found that targeting IL-6, IL-1, and CCR6 signaling pathways may effectively reduce irradiation-induced alopecia and dermatitis in radiotherapy patients.

research Alopecia areata update

391 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the clinical presentation and histopathologic features of alopecia areata and proposes a hypothesis for its development, but it reports no new clinical results.

research HDL as Therapeutic Tools

January 2019 in “Springer eBooks”

Modified HDL can better deliver drugs and genes, potentially improving treatments and reducing side effects.

research Alopecia areata susceptibility variant in MHC region impacts expressions of genes contributing to hair keratinization and is involved in hair loss

19 citations , July 2020 in “EBioMedicine”

In this study, the researchers identified a variant in the CCHCR1 gene associated with an alopecia areata subtype characterized by impaired keratinization and autoimmune events.

research Cell Surface B2m-Free Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Monomers and Dimers: Are They Neo-HLA Class and Proto-HLA?

3 citations , July 2023 in “Biomolecules”

This study reports that some human cell surface HLA-I molecules (including HLA-B27) can appear without their usual peptide component, potentially altering immune interactions, influencing arthritis development in specific mice models, and exhibiting upregulation in certain cancer cells.

research Human Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from the Lower Dermal Sheath as a Competitive Alternative for Immunomodulation

7 citations , January 2022 in “Biomedicines”

In this study, hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stromal cells showed potential for immunomodulation, with equivalent or superior responses compared to those from adipose tissue, suggesting a promising alternative cell source.

Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decrease Alopecia Areata Mouse Hair Loss and Reduce Inflammation Around the Hair Follicle

research Hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells decrease alopecia areata mouse hair loss and reduce inflammation around the hair follicle

11 citations , October 2021 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

This study reports that hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced hair loss and inflammation in alopecia areata models, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach.

Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

research Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarrier Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

3 citations , May 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers observed that phospholipid-calcium carbonate hybrid nanoparticles effectively delivered Tofacitinib citrate topically, which significantly inhibited hair follicle apoptosis and promoted hair growth in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, compared to a traditional Tofacitinib solution.

research Precision therapeutics in non-scarring alopecia: a systemic genomic and pathway-based framework for targeted interventions

December 2025 in “ADMET & DMPK”

This review synthesizes recent research to propose a precision framework for treating androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata based on genetic insights and pathway biology, highlighting the roles of androgen-receptor signaling, immune dysregulation, and emerging therapies like regenerative medicine and AI-assisted diagnostics.

research Immunological challenges associated with artificial skin grafts: available solutions and stem cells in future design of synthetic skin

105 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of Biological Engineering”

This review discusses the challenges of skin graft acceptance and examines current strategies and alternatives for full-thickness skin replacement and repair, noting that immunological rejection remains a significant hurdle.

research Causes and management of Pica disorder among central Iraqi peoples

January 2024 in “Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski”

This retrospective cross-section study found that in a cohort of Pica patients in Iraq, 92.4% were female, and many had low levels of ferritin, hemoglobin, and vitamin D, which may contribute to the disorder by causing psychological issues.

Human Epithelial Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Their Progeny: Current State of Knowledge, the Widening Gap in Translational Research and Future Challenges

research Human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their progeny: Current state of knowledge, the widening gap in translational research and future challenges

106 citations , March 2014 in “BioEssays”

This review examines current knowledge on human epithelial hair follicle stem cells, their markers, and outlines challenges in translating findings from murine studies to human research, but does not report new experimental results.