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Glossary Epidermal Differentiation Markers

specific proteins indicating skin cell development stages

Epidermal differentiation markers are specific proteins or molecules found in the skin that indicate the various stages of skin cell development and maturation. These markers help scientists and doctors understand how skin cells evolve from their initial form to their final, specialized state, which is crucial for maintaining healthy skin and diagnosing skin disorders.

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research The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence for trichohyalin, a differentiation marker in the hair follicle, contains a 23 amino acid repeat.

39 citations , February 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study identified trichohyalin as an early differentiation marker in hair follicles, with potential structural roles related to alpha-helical formations, based on the partial characterization of its cDNA in sheep.

research The changes in the expression levels of follicular markers in keratoacanthoma depend on the stage: keratoacanthoma is a follicular neoplasm exhibiting infundibular/isthmic differentiation without expression of CK15

28 citations , February 2014 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

In this study, researchers observed that keratoacanthoma exhibits dynamic follicular differentiation throughout its stages, with changes in specific keratin expressions, and regressed lesions showing epidermal rather than follicular characteristics.

research 576 A preliminary study of melanogenic markers in the differentiation of the human hair follicle melanin unit

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that early pigment cell markers Sox10 and c-KIT, as well as DCT/TRP-2, were detectable in melanogenically-active melanocytes of the anagen bulb in human hair follicles.

research Cytokeratins as Markers of Follicular Differentiation

121 citations , December 2001 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

This study found that trichoblastomas and nodular basal cell carcinomas have similar cytokeratin expression patterns, indicating differentiation towards the outer root sheath epithelium.

research Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin is a marker for dysregulated keratinocyte differentiation in human skin

96 citations , December 2002 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that NGAL expression in embryonic skin is spatio-temporally regulated and strongly induced in adult skin conditions with dysregulated differentiation, suggesting a role in epithelial differentiation pathways.

research Defining the complex epithelia that comprise the canine claw with molecular markers of differentiation

6 citations , October 2009 in “Veterinary Dermatology”

This study identified various cell types in the canine claw, showing complex mechanisms of cellular differentiation similar to mammalian hair and human nails.

research Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Markers for Human Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands: An Aid for Histopathologic Differentiation of Sweat Gland Tumors

73 citations , November 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This review examines histochemical and immunohistochemical markers to differentiate apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, highlighting their distinct markers, though it reports no new clinical findings.

Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Embryonic and Adult Progenitors Differentiating into an Epithelial Cell Lineage of the Hair Follicles

research Nestin is a marker of unipotent embryonic and adult progenitors differentiating into an epithelial cell lineage of the hair follicles

1 citations , October 2022 in “Scientific reports”

This study found that nestin-expressing progenitor cells, capable of becoming ORS keratinocytes, are present in both developing and adult mouse hair follicles.

Nestin as a Marker of Unipotent Epithelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation into Outer Root Sheath Keratinocytes in Embryonic and Adult Hair Follicles

research Nestin as a marker of unipotent epithelial progenitor cell differentiation into outer root sheath keratinocytes in embryonic and adult hair follicles

May 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that nestin-expressing unipotent progenitor cells capable of differentiating into outer root sheath keratinocytes are present during hair follicle development and in adult hair follicles.

research 602 Sox13 is a novel marker for hair follicle development and differentiation

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Sox13 is a new marker for early hair follicle development and differentiation.

research Keratin expression in the normal nail unit: markers of regional differentiation

119 citations , January 2000 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that keratin expression patterns vary within nail unit structures, with the nail matrix uniquely expressing the acidic hair-type keratin Ha1.

research Specific Keratins and their Associated Proteins as Markers for Hair Follicle Differentiation

7 citations , January 1988

research Upregulation of genes orchestrating keratinocyte differentiation, including the novel marker gene ID2, by contact sensitizers in human bulge‐derived keratinocytes

6 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology”

This study found that the ID2 gene was highly expressed in bulge-derived keratinocytes when exposed to contact sensitizers and may serve as a marker to distinguish sensitizers from irritants during in vitro testing.

research GATA3 inhibits proliferation and induces expression of both early and late differentiation markers in keratinocytes of the human epidermis

24 citations , December 2013 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

The Early Region of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus Drives Proliferation, Altered Differentiation, and Ectopic Expression of Hair Follicle Differentiation Markers in Interfollicular Tail Epidermis

research LB1019 The early region of trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus drives proliferation, altered differentiation, and ectopic expression of hair follicle differentiation markers in interfollicular tail epidermis

July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

In this study, researchers found that TSPyV T antigens can disrupt normal cell differentiation and proliferation in hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis, possibly contributing to trichodysplasia spinulosa pathology.

research LB1256 TRIV-509, a dual inhibitor of KLK5 and KLK7, rapidly improves barrier integrity and markers of epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis skin explants

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TRIV-509 quickly improves skin barrier and cell health in atopic dermatitis.

research Expression of hair-related keratins in a soft epithelium: Subpopulations of human and mouse dorsal tongue keratinocytes express keratin markers for hair-, skin- and esophageal-types of differentiation

128 citations , March 1989 in “Experimental Cell Research”

Hoxc13 is important for hair and tongue development by controlling hair keratin genes.

research Differentiation of nestin-negative human hair follicle outer root sheath cells into neurons in vitro

5 citations , January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

This study found that nestin-negative hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into neural stem cell-like cells, but not mature neurons, through a multi-step neuro-induction process.

research FGF20 Secreted From Dermal Papilla Cells Regulate the Proliferation and Differentiation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Fine‐Wool Sheep

3 citations , December 2024 in “Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition”

In this study, researchers found that reducing FGF20 expression in dermal papilla cells of fine-wool sheep impedes the growth and differentiation of hair follicle stem cells, providing insights into wool trait improvement and regenerative medicine applications.

research Keratin Promotes Differentiation of Keratinocytes Seeded on Collagen/Keratin Hydrogels

1 citations , October 2022 in “Bioengineering”

This study found that adding keratin to a collagen hydrogel improved keratinocyte differentiation compared to a pure collagen hydrogel, particularly when calcium was also present in the media.

research Abstract 5219: The role of MEK and Antizyme in keratinocyte stem cell expansion and differentiation

1 citations , April 2012 in “Cancer Research”

This study found that overexpression of antizyme in MEK-activated transgenic mice reduced skin tumor development and restored normal differentiation of keratinocyte progenitor cells, highlighting the role of polyamines in keratinocyte biology.

research Defining and targeting differentiation of non-melanoma skin cancer

June 2014

This study found that basal cell carcinoma exhibits patterns of hair follicle differentiation but is stuck in telogen arrest, which can be rescued by adding noggin and TGF-β2 in vitro.

research Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle Stem Cells on Chitosan-Skin Engineered Template in Vitro

February 2017 in “International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology”

This study found that hair follicle stem cells can proliferate and differentiate into keratinocytes on chitosan skin-engineered templates, suggesting potential applications in regenerative medicine.

research 102 EZH2 is required for human hair follicle growth and epidermal differentiation

August 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

In this ex vivo study, inhibiting Ezh2 with a small molecule slowed human hair growth by decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis in the outer root sheath.

research Dedifferentiation of committed epithelial cells into stem cells in vivo

551 citations , November 2013 in “Nature”

This study found that differentiated airway epithelial cells can revert into functional stem cells in vivo, suggesting a more general role for this dedifferentiation process in tissue regeneration in higher vertebrates.

Differentiation of Human Dermal Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes by Treatment with 5-Azacytidine: Concept for Regenerative Therapy in Myocardial Infarction

research Differentiation of Human Dermal Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes by Treatment with 5-Azacytidine: Concept for Regenerative Therapy in Myocardial Infarction

9 citations , March 2013 in “ISRN Stem Cells (Online)”

This study demonstrated that human dermal mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes using 5-azacytidine, suggesting potential future applications for treating myocardial infarction.

research Androgens induce sebaceous differentiation in sebocyte cells expressing a stable functional androgen receptor

31 citations , April 2015 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology”

This study found that active androgens activate lipogenic differentiation in human sebocytes expressing a functional androgen receptor, influencing gene expression and lipid synthesis, while also increasing apoptotic cell population over time.

research Hair follicle stem cells:In vitroandin vivoneural differentiation

25 citations , January 2015 in “World journal of stem cells”

This review discusses the potential of hair follicle stem cells as a novel source for cell therapy in neurodegenerative disorders, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Transgenic Kallikrein 14 Mice Display Major Hair Shaft Defects Associated with Desmoglein 3 and 4 Degradation, Abnormal Epidermal Differentiation, and IL-36 Signature

15 citations , June 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identifies KLK14 as a significant factor contributing to hair defects and skin inflammation in a mouse model of Netherton syndrome.

research Nuclear Factor I-C promotes proliferation and differentiation of apical papilla-derived human stem cells in vitro

24 citations , February 2015 in “Experimental Cell Research”

This study found that overexpression of the transcription factor NFIC may enhance the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla, suggesting its potential role in dentin/root regeneration.