TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

February 2017 in “ Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology ”

Kaoru Kahata, Mahsa Shahidi Dadras, Aristidis Moustakas

TLDR The TGF-β family helps control how cells change and move, affecting skin, hair, and organ development.

The document reviews the roles of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) family in epithelial differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with a focus on their involvement in various developmental processes such as neural crest development, skin and hair follicle development, and organogenesis. It explains how TGF-β family ligands, including TGF-βs, activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), signal through Smad proteins and kinase pathways to influence cell differentiation and EMT. The review highlights the importance of BMP signaling in maintaining hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) quiescence and differentiation, and the role of TGF-β signaling in skin regeneration and hair follicle cycling. It also discusses the involvement of these pathways in the development of the palate, teeth, and eye, including lens and retinal epithelium formation. The document does not specify the number of subjects in the study, as it is a general review of signaling pathways rather than a specific experimental study.

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Certain signals are important for reducing specific chemical markers on hair follicle stem cells during rest periods, which is necessary for healthy hair growth.

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The conclusion is that proper signaling is crucial for hair growth and development, and errors can lead to cancer or hair loss.

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Smad1 and Smad5 are essential for hair follicle development and stem cell sleepiness.

research Expression of Foxi3 Is Regulated by Ectodysplasin in Skin Appendage Placodes

43 citations , April 2013 in “Developmental dynamics”

Foxi3 expression in developing teeth and hair is controlled by the ectodysplasin pathway.

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5 citations , January 2013 in “Cells Tissues Organs”

Activin B helps start and grow hair follicles in mice.

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321 citations , January 2012 in “Cell stem cell”

TGF-β2 helps activate hair follicle stem cells by counteracting BMP signals.

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43 citations , February 2009 in “Molecular biology of the cell”

Disrupting Smad4 in mouse skin causes early hair follicle stem cell activity that leads to their eventual depletion.

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102 citations , August 2008 in “Genes & Development”

Laminin-511 is crucial for early hair growth and maintaining important hair development signals.

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788 citations , February 2007 in “Nature”

The document concludes that skin stem cells are important for hair growth and wound healing, and could be used in regenerative medicine.

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92 citations , November 2006 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

BMP signaling controls hair follicle size and cell growth by affecting cell cycle genes.

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81 citations , September 2005 in “The American journal of pathology”

Activin helps skin growth and healing mainly through stromal cells and affects keratinocytes based on its amount.

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112 citations , January 2004 in “The International journal of developmental biology”

Feather patterns form through genetic and epigenetic controls, with cells self-organizing into periodic patterns.

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Follistatin helps hair growth and cycling, while activin prevents it.

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Too much Smad7 can cause serious changes in skin tissues, including problems with hair growth, thymus shrinkage, and eye development issues.

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211 citations , October 2001 in “The FASEB Journal”

Noggin is necessary to start the hair growth phase in skin after birth.

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194 citations , May 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The hedgehog signaling pathway is crucial for hair growth but not for the initial creation of hair follicles.

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Overexpression of activin A in mice skin causes skin thickening, fibrosis, and improved wound healing.

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Hair follicles create different cell layers and proteins, controlled by various molecules.