Melanoma: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Progression, Clonal Evolution, And Tumor-Initiating Cells

The document discussed the genetic abnormalities, tumor progression, clonal evolution, and tumor-initiating cells in melanoma. Key mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and TERT genes were critical for melanoma initiation and progression. Clonal evolution contributed to tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance, while tumor-initiating cells played a role in melanoma's aggressiveness and recurrence. The study emphasized the complexity of melanoma's genetic landscape, highlighting the need for personalized treatment approaches. It also covered the impact of epigenetic changes, such as TERT promoter mutations, on prognosis and progression, and explored the potential of combined therapies and new inhibitors to overcome resistance and improve treatment outcomes.