32 citations
,
November 2020 in “Nanomaterials” This study found that excipients significantly influence the effectiveness of curcumin nanocrystals in dermal applications, enhancing or hindering hair follicle targeting and passive diffusion based on their selection.
60 citations
,
October 2020 in “Journal of Controlled Release” This study found that curcumin nanocrystals efficiently penetrated hair follicles down to the lower infundibulum in an ex-vivo pig ear model, regardless of the gel vehicle used, though passive dermal penetration varied with the vehicle’s skin hydrating properties.
35 citations
,
January 2018 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” This study found that nanoemulsion formulations with oleic acid or eucalyptol significantly enhanced the delivery and retention of caffeine through hair follicles and surrounding skin regions.
87 citations
,
September 2016 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Nanoparticles can improve drug delivery to hair follicles but struggle to penetrate deeper skin layers.
20 citations
,
June 2016 in “Magnesium research” In this study, magnesium was observed to penetrate human skin, with hair follicles significantly aiding this process depending on the concentration and duration of exposure.
21 citations
,
December 2015 in “European journal of cell biology” In this study, researchers demonstrated that follicular tight junctions in porcine skin form a barrier to nanoparticle penetration, particularly in upper regions, which supports its use as a model for human skin.
10 citations
,
August 2015 in “Journal of biophotonics” This study found that applying benzyl nicotinate on open hair follicles led to a significant increase in blood flow, highlighting the role of the follicular pathway in epidermal penetration.
38 citations
,
September 2014 in “Cell and Tissue Research” This review explores the infundibulum's role and importance in skin diseases and emphasizes the need for further research into its biology and potential therapeutic targeting, but it presents no new findings.
94 citations
,
September 2014 in “Therapeutic Delivery” This review describes recent advances in using nanoparticles for drug delivery to hair follicles, with potential applications in treating skin diseases such as alopecia and acne, but reports no new findings.
42 citations
,
July 2014 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study established a stable formulation for caffeine nanocrystals in specific solvent mixtures, which could be used to test their potential for enhanced hair follicle targeting and penetration.
61 citations
,
May 2014 in “International journal of pharmaceutics” This research describes a process for producing caffeine nanocrystals, which may enhance skin penetration by accumulating in hair follicles and maintaining stability for two months, paving the way for in vivo testing.
19 citations
,
December 2013 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study found that encapsulated Garcinia mangostana Linn extract in a cream base penetrated more deeply and homogeneously into porcine ear skin compared to other formulations.
122 citations
,
March 2013 in “Expert opinion on drug delivery” This review summarizes drug delivery strategies to hair follicles, highlighting physicochemical factors affecting penetration and the use of stimuli-responsive particulate carriers, but reports no new clinical findings.
97 citations
,
September 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology” The human hair follicle can store topical compounds and be targeted for drug delivery with minimal side effects.
263 citations
,
February 2011 in “Journal of Controlled Release” This study found that medium-sized particles (643 and 646 nm) penetrated deeper into porcine hair follicles in vitro than smaller or larger particles, suggesting size-selective targeting within follicular sites.
74 citations
,
June 2010 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” This study found that hair follicles are a significant and efficient pathway for the absorption of topical minoxidil foam in humans, with faster blood detection when follicles are open.
82 citations
,
May 2009 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” The study reported that combining the Follicular Closing Technique with the Franz diffusion cell is a valuable method for investigating follicular caffeine penetration in vitro, though kinetics differ from in vivo results.
95 citations
,
January 2009 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” This study observed that particles sized 300-600 nm penetrate hair follicles more efficiently, likely due to alignment with the thickness of the human hair cuticula.
264 citations
,
January 2008 in “Journal of biomedical optics” This study found that ZnO nanoparticles in topical skin products do not penetrate beyond the outer skin layers in humans, suggesting minimal safety concerns for subdermal absorption.
182 citations
,
December 2007 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” This study demonstrated that hair follicles significantly expedite the absorption of caffeine through the skin compared to interfollicular pathways.
93 citations
,
January 2007 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” In this study, caffeine applied in a shampoo penetrated hair follicles faster and more effectively than through the skin surface within the first 20 minutes.
46 citations
,
May 2006 in “Laser Physics” In this study, particles similar in size to keratin cells were surprisingly found to penetrate more efficiently into hair follicles due to a possible pumping effect from moving hairs.
405 citations
,
January 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that hair follicle characteristics vary significantly across different body sites, with the forehead and calf showing the highest potential follicular reservoirs, challenging previous assumptions about skin appendage distribution.
54 citations
,
October 2002 in “Journal of controlled release” This study found that increasing a drug's lipophilicity and adding ethanol to the donor phase can enhance its delivery to the hair follicle, although the precise transport mechanism remains unclear.