Hair Disorders

November 2019 in “ Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology ”

Elise A. Olsen, Matilde Iorizzo

From the encyclopedia

autoimmune disorder causing patchy hair loss

An essential vasodilator with some anti-androgenic effects

Studysummary This review discusses potential causes of alopecia and hair overgrowth in pediatric patients, detailing diagnostic techniques and treatments, but presents no new research findings.

Automatically generated from the study's abstract, not written by a person, and not a review of the full paper. Not medical advice or a treatment recommendation. Read the original study, and consult a qualified healthcare professional before changing treatment. Full disclaimer

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Research cited in this study

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research Objective Outcome Measures: Collecting Meaningful Data on Alopecia Areata

39 citations , November 2017 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This review presents standardized methods for assessing and tracking hair loss in alopecia areata but reports no clinical results, with the authors noting time limitations in clinical practice.

research Mutations in Three Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in Hair Shaft Formation Cause Uncombable Hair Syndrome

119 citations , November 2016 in “American journal of human genetics”

This study reports the discovery of mutations in the PADI3, TGM3, and TCHH genes as molecular genetic causes of uncombable hair syndrome in children, indicating an autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern.

research Clinical and Trichoscopic Characteristics of Temporal Triangular Alopecia: A Multicenter Study

32 citations , August 2016 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This letter discusses congenital triangular alopecia (TTA), a non-scarring hair loss condition often seen in children, without reporting new clinical findings.

research Trichorrhexis Nodosa: A Distinctive Presentation After Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Therapy

10 citations , July 2015 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

The authors reported a possible association between the use of etanercept and the development of trichorrhexis nodosa, a hair shaft disorder, in a patient without apparent external causes.

A Nonrandomized Study of Trichoscopy Patterns Using Nonpolarized (Contact) and Polarized (Noncontact) Dermatoscopy in Hair and Shaft Disorders

research A Nonrandomized Study of Trichoscopy Patterns Using Nonpolarized (Contact) and Polarized (Noncontact) Dermatoscopy in Hair and Shaft Disorders

34 citations , January 2014 in “International Journal of Trichology”

This study reported that polarized dermoscopy was better for visualizing vascular patterns, scaling, and reticular pigmentation, while nonpolarized mode better documented features like black dots and tapered hair in various hair and scalp conditions.

research Light Microscopic Hair Abnormalities in Children: Retrospective Review of 119 Cases in a 10-Year Period

7 citations , November 2013 in “Pediatric and Developmental Pathology”

This retrospective review of hair samples from pediatric patients indicated that microscopic hair examination might be a useful first-line investigation for diagnosing various genetic conditions.

research Position Effect on FGF13 Associated with X-Linked Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis

44 citations , April 2013 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

This study found a significant association between reduced FGF13 levels and X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis, suggesting FGF13's potential role in hair follicle growth and the hair cycle.

research Successful Treatment of Temporal Triangular Alopecia with Topical Minoxidil

20 citations , January 2013 in “Annals of Dermatology”

Topical minoxidil successfully treated temporal triangular alopecia.

research Dermatoscopy of Hair Shaft Disorders

68 citations , August 2012 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This paper discusses the use of dermatoscopy as a fast, noninvasive technique for diagnosing hair shaft disorders and reports no new results; the authors highlight its advantages over traditional microscopy methods.

research Hair and Scalp Dermatoscopy

245 citations , March 2012 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This review discusses the dermoscopic features of common hair and scalp disorders and reports no new clinical results, aiming to assist dermatologists in diagnosing conditions like tinea capitis and alopecia areata.

research Ichthyosis Follicularis, Alopecia, And Photophobia (IFAP) Syndrome

71 citations , January 2011 in “Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases”

This article reviews IFAP syndrome, an X-linked genetic disorder characterized by ichthyosis follicularis, alopecia, and photophobia, and reports no new clinical findings.

research Monilethrix Treated with Minoxidil

23 citations , January 2011 in “International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology”

In this small study, topical minoxidil 2% was associated with an increase in normal hair shaft production in patients with Monilethrix without any reported side effects.

research Novel Mutations in the Keratin-74 (KRT74) Gene Underlie Autosomal Dominant Woolly Hair/Hypotrichosis in Pakistani Families

40 citations , December 2010 in “Human Genetics”

research Abnormal Inner Root Sheath of the Hair Follicle in the Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome: An Ultrastructural Study

31 citations , December 2010 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This study reports that structural abnormalities in the inner root sheath of hair follicles may cause the hair shaft to be loosely attached in patients with loose anagen hair syndrome.

research Autosomal-Dominant Woolly Hair Resulting from Disruption of Keratin 74, a Potential Determinant of Human Hair Texture

97 citations , March 2010 in “The American Journal of Human Genetics”

A mutation in the KRT74 gene causes tightly curled hair.

research Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome in Children of Upper Egypt

12 citations , June 2009 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study reports the first cases of loose anagen hair syndrome in dark-skinned children from Upper Egypt, noting it may be under-diagnosed and primarily causes cosmetic concerns without affecting general health.

Loss-Of-Function Mutations of an Inhibitory Upstream ORF in the Human Hairless Transcript Cause Marie Unna Hereditary Hypotrichosis

research Loss-Of-Function Mutations of an Inhibitory Upstream ORF in the Human Hairless Transcript Cause Marie Unna Hereditary Hypotrichosis

181 citations , January 2009 in “Nature Genetics”

In this study, researchers linked defects in U2HR, an inhibitory region in the HR gene, to Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis, suggesting a mechanism for controlling hair growth and addressing hair loss.

research Dermoscopy in Female Androgenic Alopecia: Method Standardization and Diagnostic Criteria

129 citations , January 2009 in “International Journal of Trichology”

This study found that trichoscopy criteria can distinguish female androgenic alopecia from chronic telogen effluvium, with specific features achieving 98% diagnostic specificity.

research Susceptibility Variants for Male-Pattern Baldness on Chromosome 20p11

140 citations , October 2008 in “Nature Genetics”

research Male-Pattern Baldness Susceptibility Locus at 20p11

111 citations , October 2008 in “Nature Genetics”

In their study, Tim Spector and colleagues identified a new genetic association at chromosome 20p11.22 with male-pattern baldness, confirmed by the increased risk when combined with a known androgen receptor gene variant.

research Trichoscopy in Genetic Hair Shaft Abnormalities

74 citations , July 2008 in “Journal of Dermatological Case Reports”

This study found that trichoscopy can diagnose genetic hair shaft abnormalities without plucking or cutting hair, by visualizing characteristic features in a single session.

research Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans in a Family

32 citations , February 2008 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This case report describes a family with autosomal dominant transmission of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, with observed treatment refractoriness in multiple topical and systemic therapies.

research Human Hair Growth Deficiency Is Linked to a Genetic Defect in the Phospholipase Gene LIPH

194 citations , November 2006 in “Science”

This study identified a gene mutation in the LIPH gene associated with inherited hair loss and hair growth defects in certain populations, suggesting lipase H plays a role in hair development.

research Videodermoscopy in the Evaluation of Hair and Scalp Disorders

304 citations , July 2006 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study found that videodermoscopy enhances diagnostic accuracy for scalp and hair disorders beyond simple clinical inspection and reveals novel disease features that could improve clinical understanding.

research An Autosomal Recessive Form of Monilethrix Is Caused by Mutations in DSG4: Clinical Overlap with Localized Autosomal Recessive Hypotrichosis

97 citations , March 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified four novel DSG4 mutations associated with monilethrix in 12 Jewish families, suggesting a recessive inheritance pattern and broader prevalence of DSG4-related hair disorders than previously recognized.

research Office Diagnosis of Hair Shaft Defects

33 citations , March 2006 in “Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery”

This article illustrates various hair shaft defects and suggests that dermatologists can diagnose most of them using light microscopy and polarization without needing advanced imaging techniques.

research Rapp-Hodgkin Syndrome: A Review of Hair and Hair Color Aspects

25 citations , September 2005 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This study reported that Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome, AEC syndrome, and EEC syndrome are likely part of a single genetic disorder spectrum linked to mutations in the TP63 gene.

research Short Anagen Syndrome

37 citations , July 2005 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the clinicopathologic features of short anagen syndrome in a child and suggests diagnostic methods like clinical examination and scalp hair growth rate measurement, without reporting new clinical results.

research Androgenetic Alopecia in Children: Report of 20 Cases

72 citations , March 2005 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this case series, researchers observed androgenetic alopecia in 20 prepubertal children with a strong genetic predisposition, despite the condition typically not occurring before puberty.

research Evaluation and Treatment of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss

203 citations , December 2004 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the historical developments in understanding and treating male pattern hair loss, emphasizing the role of dihydrotestosterone and 5α-reductase inhibitors, but reports no new clinical findings.

research Histological Features of Peripilar Signs Associated with Androgenetic Alopecia

95 citations , January 2004 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This study found that peripilar signs on the scalp are linked to perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates in early androgenetic alopecia, detectable even in areas with high hair density.

research Exogen, Shedding Phase of the Hair Growth Cycle: Characterization of a Mouse Model

107 citations , September 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified a distinct "exogen" phase in the hair cycle during which hair shedding occurs, primarily coupled with the anagen phase, rather than as part of the telogen phase.

research Effects of Minoxidil 2% vs. Cyproterone Acetate Treatment on Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Controlled, 12-Month Randomized Trial

149 citations , June 2002 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Minoxidil works better for female hair loss, but cyproterone reduces scalp oiliness and causes menstrual issues.

research Is Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome a Keratin Disorder?

84 citations , April 2002 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study found that a keratin mutation may cause diffuse partial woolly hair associated with loose anagen hair syndrome in some families, but other genetic factors could play a role in different cases.

research Hair Removal by Lasers and Intense Pulsed Light Sources

85 citations , January 2002 in “Dermatologic Clinics”

This article reviews the use of light-based technologies for hair removal, detailing different laser systems and treatment protocols, but reports no new clinical results.

research Atrichia Caused by Mutations in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Is a Phenocopy of Generalized Atrichia Caused by Mutations in the Hairless Gene

139 citations , September 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This case report describes a patient with mutations in both alleles of the vitamin D receptor who exhibited hair loss clinically indistinguishable from generalized atrichia with papules, suggesting a potential genetic pathway shared with the hairless gene.

research Morphogenesis and Renewal of Hair Follicles from Adult Multipotent Stem Cells

949 citations , January 2001 in “Cell”

This study demonstrated that multipotent stem cells in adult mice whisker follicles migrate to produce whisker growth, and that this process requires precise control of stem cell trafficking.

research A Distinct Gene Close to the Hairless Locus on Chromosome 8p Underlies Hereditary Marie Unna Type Hypotrichosis in a German Family

36 citations , October 2000 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study identified a distinct gene near the hairless locus on chromosome 8p that is responsible for hereditary Marie Unna type hypotrichosis in a German family.

research A New Mutation in the Type II Hair Cortex Keratin hHb1 Involved in the Inherited Hair Disorder Monilethrix

100 citations , November 1997 in “Human Genetics”

In this study, researchers found that the prevalent Glu 410 Lys mutation in hHb6 and a new Glu 403 Lys mutation in hHb1 are linked to monilethrix, suggesting a mutational hotspot in type II hair keratins.

Hypertrichosis and Increased Pigmentation of Eyelashes and Adjacent Hair in the Region of the Ipsilateral Eyelids of Patients Treated with Unilateral Topical Latanoprost

research Hypertrichosis and Increased Pigmentation of Eyelashes and Adjacent Hair in the Region of the Ipsilateral Eyelids of Patients Treated with Unilateral Topical Latanoprost

216 citations , October 1997 in “American Journal of Ophthalmology”

This study found that unilateral topical latanoprost use for glaucoma was associated with hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes in the treated eye compared to the untreated eye.

research Linkage of Monilethrix to the Trichocyte and Epithelial Keratin Gene Cluster on 12q11-q13

43 citations , April 1996 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research A Gene for Monilethrix Is Closely Linked to the Type II Keratin Gene Cluster at 12q13

54 citations , January 1995 in “Human Molecular Genetics”

This study mapped monilethrix, a hereditary hair and nail disorder, to the type II keratin cluster on chromosome 12q, marking the first primary human hair disorder localization and implicating defects in "hard" keratins.

research Becker's Nevus Associated with Chromosomal Mosaicism and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

32 citations , April 1994 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This report presents the second known case of erythema nodosum without typical associated conditions, which could be linked to mycoplasma infection, although no testing was conducted to confirm this in the patient.

research Monilethrix Treated with Oral Retinoids

26 citations , May 1991 in “Clinical and experimental dermatology”

In this study, oral etretinate resulted in increased hair length and loss of beading in a childhood monilethrix case, while the scalp's keratosis pilaris persisted.

research Topical Minoxidil in Monilethrix

13 citations , January 1991 in “Dermatology”

Minoxidil helps hair growth in people with monilethrix without side effects.

research Woolly Hair Nevus: A Rare Case with Late Onset in Adolescence

40 citations , February 1990 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This study presents the first reported case of woolly hair nevus appearing during adolescence, with significant improvement observed 5 years later and structural changes in the hair documented.

research Loose Anagen Hair of Childhood: The Phenomenon of Easily Pluckable Hair

85 citations , February 1989 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This case report describes a newly identified condition called loose anagen hair of childhood, characterized by easily pluckable hair in two young boys, with variable duration and no scalp inflammation or scarring.

research Inborn Errors of Biotin Metabolism

55 citations , December 1987 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This review discusses two genetic disorders affecting biotin metabolism, each resulting in distinctive skin and hair manifestations, and outlines the associated serious metabolic complications.

research Uncombable-Hair Syndrome

12 citations , November 1987 in “Pediatric dermatology”

This report identified longitudinal grooves in the hair shafts of four children, diagnosing them with uncombable-hair syndrome.

research Normal Hair Growth in Children

57 citations , November 1987 in “Pediatric Dermatology”

This article reviews common hair growth abnormalities in children, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing normal development from potential signs of metabolic disorders and indicates no new clinical results.

research Uncombable Hair (Pili Trianguli Et Canaliculi): Evidence for Dominant Inheritance with Complete Penetrance Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy

33 citations , September 1987 in “American Journal of Medical Genetics”

This study documents dominant transmission and complete penetrance of uncombable hair syndrome in a family, despite the father lacking visible abnormalities.

research Structural Abnormalities of the Hair Shaft

126 citations , January 1987 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews the classification of hair shaft abnormalities, outlining their diagnostic features, but does not present new research findings.

research Ichthyosis Follicularis With Alopecia and Photophobia

75 citations , September 1985 in “Archives of dermatology”

This report of ichthyosis follicularis in two boys discusses the challenges of distinguishing it from similar disorders, noting its rarity and unclear inheritance pattern without providing new clinical results.

research Acquired Progressive Kinking of Hair

33 citations , August 1985 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study suggests that acquired progressive kinking of hair, which typically appears at or after puberty, may be androgen dependent and could progress to male pattern baldness.

research Topical Minoxidil in Early Male Pattern Baldness

138 citations , August 1985 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Minoxidil promotes hair growth in male pattern baldness.

research Uncombable Hair Syndrome: Observations on Response to Biotin and Occurrence in Siblings with Ectodermal Dysplasia

101 citations , July 1985 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

In this study, oral biotin improved hair growth, strength, and combability in a child with uncombable hair syndrome, while hair in two others slowly improved without biotin.

research Pili Torti in Association with Citrullinemia

28 citations , January 1985 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This report presents a case of pili torti in a young girl with citrullinemia, a novel association not previously documented.

research Low-Sulfur Hair Syndrome Associated with UVB Photosensitivity and Testicular Failure

30 citations , August 1984 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This case report identified UVB photosensitivity and testicular failure as previously unreported components of low-sulfur hair syndrome in a 16-year-old male.

research Pathogenesis in Trichorrhexis Invaginata (Bamboo Hair)

72 citations , July 1984 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Alopecia and Periorificial Dermatitis in Biotin-Responsive Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency

55 citations , July 1983 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This case study of three siblings highlights the importance of recognizing dermatologic signs—alopecia and periorificial dermatitis—for early diagnosis and treatment of biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency.

research Monilethrix Treated with the Oral Retinoid Ro 10-9359 (Tigason)

24 citations , July 1983 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

Tigason improved hair growth in a boy with monilethrix without side effects.

research Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans

54 citations , January 1983 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This article presents two cases of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans and reviews its features, highlighting characteristic progression from keratosis pilaris in infancy to cicatricial alopecia in childhood.

research Trichothiodystrophy: A Study on Sulfur-Deficient Brittle Hair and Associated Symptoms

175 citations , December 1980 in “Archives of Dermatology”

In this study, researchers examined two new cases of trichothiodystrophy and observed that the condition is linked to decreased synthesis of high-sulfur matrix proteins in hair.

research Lamellar Ichthyosis, Dwarfism, Mental Retardation, and Hair Shaft Abnormalities

61 citations , April 1980 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This case study describes a young woman with a unique syndrome combining lamellar ichthyosis, neuroectodermal and mesodermal defects, and hair with trichoschisis and low sulfur content.

research Human Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

73 citations , July 1977 in “Archives of Dermatology”

In this case report, applying linoleic acid topically reversed essential fatty acid deficiency and related skin symptoms in a patient receiving long-term fat-free intravenous nutrition.

research Minoxidil-Induced Hypertrichosis: Treatment with Calcium Thioglycolate Depilatory Agent

46 citations , April 1977 in “Southern Medical Journal”

In this study, five women with minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis achieved complete hair removal using a calcium thioglycolate depilatory agent, with minimal or no skin irritation.

research Acquired Zinc Deficiency in Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition: A Case Study

73 citations , May 1976 in “JAMA”

This case report associates severe zinc deficiency with long-term total parenteral nutrition, suggesting the need for trace element supplementation in such nutritional management.

research Effects of Fetal Exposure to Diazoxide in Humans

42 citations , August 1972 in “Archives of Disease in Childhood”

This study observed that infants exposed to diazoxide in utero exhibited abnormal hair growth and, in some cases, impaired glucose tolerance, particularly those born to diabetic mothers.