14 citations
,
January 2006 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” This study found that procyanidin oligomers from apples and barley may stimulate hair growth by promoting hair epithelial cell proliferation and protecting them from apoptosis via MEK activation in a murine model.
132 citations
,
August 2012 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects” This review discusses the roles of TGF-β family signaling in regulating normal and cancer stem cells and highlights the need for further research to develop potential cancer treatments; it reports no new results.
March 2026 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science” This study found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in secondary hair follicle-derived dermal papilla cells from cashmere goats, likely via the TGF-β2/Smad2/3 signaling pathway.
14 citations
,
January 2011 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology” This study showed that coexpression of TG2 and Gbx1 in the epidermis is necessary for esophagus-like mucosal transdifferentiation, with TGF-beta2 in the dermis essential for the process through epithelial-mesenchymal interaction.
11 citations
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August 2021 in “Aging” This study found that TGF-β2 may enhance collagen expression and spheroid formation in human dermal papilla cells, which could improve their hair inductivity and maintenance.
10 citations
,
January 2008 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that trans-3,4'-Dimethyl-3-hydroxyflavanone reduces active TGF-beta2 levels in human keratinocytes, suggesting it may enhance hair growth by suppressing the TGF-beta2 activation pathway.
April 2007 in “Linchuang pifuke zazhi” This study found that in androgenetic alopecia patients, there is enhanced expression of type 2 TGF-β and type II receptors in hair follicles, suggesting a link to hair growth cycle changes.
April 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study discovered that exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can mitigate damage in dermal papilla cells by modulating the TGF-β1/SMAD2 signaling pathway through miRNAs miR-574-3p and miR-125a-5p, revealing potential therapeutic targets for androgenetic alopecia.
85 citations
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June 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that Blimp1 plays a key role in promoting hair follicle morphogenesis and growth by mediating inductive signaling pathways in dermal papilla cells.
November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that Cyclosporin A may prolong the anagen phase of hair growth in cultured dermal papilla cells by decreasing TGF-β2 expression, similar to its mechanism in immunosuppression.
November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study reports that activating the bitter taste receptor TAS2R4 with rebaudioside A can inhibit hair growth in human scalp hair follicles by promoting catagen through TGF-β pathway activation.
March 2026 in “Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science” This study reported that Cosmos caudatus extract alone may therapeutically modulate the AR–FGF-2 axis in a BPH rat model, comparable to finasteride, but combining them disrupted pathway regulation, increasing TGF-β levels.
4 citations
,
March 2024 in “Cells” This study found that the microRNAs oar-miR-23b and oar-miR-133 inhibit the proliferation and migration of sheep dermal fibroblasts, impacting the development of hair follicles in superfine wool sheep by targeting the genes TGFβ2 and NOTCH1.
August 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that two microRNAs, oar-miR-23b and oar-miR-133, inhibit the development of hair follicles in superfine wool sheep by targeting genes involved in key signaling pathways, suggesting their potential use as molecular markers for breeding fine wool sheep.
27 citations
,
September 2015 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This study suggests that type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in the hair cycle by regulating the expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β in mice.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study identified TGFβ-2 as a potential driver of progenitor cell loss in hair follicles from early androgenetic alopecia scalps, suggesting its role in the condition's molecular disturbances.
321 citations
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January 2012 in “Cell stem cell” This study identified TGF-β2 as a crucial signal in hair follicle stem cell regeneration, highlighting its role in counteracting BMP signaling to promote tissue regeneration.
43 citations
,
March 2009 in “Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine” This study suggests that TGF-β 2 plays a critical role in hair follicle morphogenesis and may enhance the effectiveness of future cell therapies for hair regrowth using expanded dermal papilla cells.
1 citations
,
March 2022 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” This study found that HIF-P4H-2 function in FoxD1-lineage cells is crucial for normal hair follicle development and homeostasis in mice, implicating disrupted HIF, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways in associated defects.
March 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study found that the absence of Hif-p4h-2 in specific mouse skin cells disrupted hair follicle development, leading to hair loss due to irregular keratin formation and pathway signaling.
44 citations
,
January 2013 in “BMC Dermatology” This study found that TGFβ signaling is essential for keeping sebocytes undifferentiated by reducing lipid-related gene expression, using a novel human sebocyte culture model.
10 citations
,
August 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review discusses mechanisms of wound healing impairment in leptin-deficient murine models used for diabetic research, and reports no new clinical results; the authors emphasize the need for further study.
1 citations
,
December 2023 in “Animals” In this study, researchers observed that the skin quality and hair follicle development of Rex rabbits improved when slaughtered in winter compared to summer, with findings suggesting seasonal regulation via multiple signaling pathways affecting fur characteristics.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” This research review observed that topical hormone replacement therapy, particularly estradiol and estradiol-testosterone combinations, significantly increased Type I and III collagen synthesis in the skin of postmenopausal women, suggesting benefits against collagen loss-related skin aging effects such as reduced elasticity and increased dryness.
September 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study reports that the loss of Langerhans cells in lichen planopilaris scars may be linked to the downregulation of ITG αvβ6, which is not seen in other scar formation diseases.
26 citations
,
January 2015 in “PubMed” This study found that the type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, play significant roles in the hair cycle, potentially through their influence on VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β expression.
March 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from type 2 diabetes mice are slightly less effective than controls but offer similar therapeutic benefits for wound healing.
November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This review discusses the latest findings presented at the 4th Intercontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies, covering advances in hair follicle biology, genetic bases for hair disorders, and potential new therapeutic approaches, but it reports no original study results.
56 citations
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December 1990 in “Differentiation” Growth factors can either promote or inhibit hair follicle cell growth and collagen breakdown.
43 citations
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January 2016 in “Development” This study identified a critical NF-κB-LHX2-TGFβ2 signaling pathway essential for primary hair follicle development in mice, revealing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis.