Modulation of AR-FGF-2-TGF Beta Axis by Cosmos Caudatus Suppresses Prostatic Epithelial Proliferation in a BPH Rat Model: A Comparative Study with Finasteride

This study investigated the effects of Cosmos caudatus (CC) extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a rat model, comparing it to the standard treatment, finasteride (FIN). The study involved 30 rats divided into five groups. Both CC extract and FIN significantly reduced androgen receptor (AR) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, approaching normal levels, while the combination of CC and FIN did not suppress AR and FGF-2 and increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). All treatments reduced epithelial thickness and prostate index. The findings suggest that CC extract alone is as effective as FIN in modulating the AR–FGF-2 axis and could be a viable alternative for BPH management without the adverse effects associated with FIN.