323 citations
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April 2006 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that 40 nm nanoparticles can effectively penetrate into hair follicles and epidermal Langerhans cells in human skin samples, potentially enabling efficient transcutaneous vaccine delivery.
253 citations
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June 2004 in “Journal of Controlled Release” The research observed that 40-nm self-assembled nanoparticles enhanced minoxidil penetration in hairy guinea pig skin compared to 130-nm nanoparticles, but this size effect was absent in hairless skin.
181 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of controlled release” In this study, researchers found that in hairy guinea pig skin, minoxidil delivered via 40-nm nanoparticles had higher skin penetration than 130-nm nanoparticles, indicating nanoparticle size affects permeation.
151 citations
,
November 2018 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” This review discusses various nanoparticles and nanoemulsions being investigated for transdermal drug delivery and reports no clinical results; it highlights potential applications in treating alopecia, wound healing, psoriasis, and melanoma.
130 citations
,
August 2020 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This review discusses various nanoparticles used to enhance skin permeation and target delivery to skin organelles, but reports no new experimental results.
122 citations
,
December 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” In this review, researchers discussed recent advances in nanotechnology for topical skin applications, highlighting how nanocarriers enhance skin penetration and targeting in treatments for diseases like melanoma and psoriasis, while acknowledging that the penetration mechanisms and health impacts of nanoparticles remain not fully understood.
119 citations
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December 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” In this study, transcutaneously applied nanoparticles and viral vectors were shown to penetrate murine hair follicles, internalize in antigen-presenting cells, and induce immune responses, suggesting a promising approach for vaccine delivery.
110 citations
,
January 2014 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Phospholipid-coated nanoparticles penetrate hair follicles better than others, especially in pig ears.
96 citations
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September 2021 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review highlights recent advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles (CS NPs) for drug delivery, discussing their modifications, preparation methods, production with organic and inorganic materials, and their latest implementations in the field, emphasizing the role of CS NPs in improving drug transport and release properties.
95 citations
,
January 2009 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” This study observed that particles sized 300-600 nm penetrate hair follicles more efficiently, likely due to alignment with the thickness of the human hair cuticula.
94 citations
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September 2014 in “Therapeutic Delivery” This review describes recent advances in using nanoparticles for drug delivery to hair follicles, with potential applications in treating skin diseases such as alopecia and acne, but reports no new findings.
87 citations
,
September 2016 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Nanoparticles can improve drug delivery to hair follicles but struggle to penetrate deeper skin layers.
82 citations
,
December 2015 in “Nanomedicine” This review discusses nanoparticle systems for cancer treatment and reports no new clinical results; the authors emphasize their potential to reduce systemic toxicity and call for further development.
80 citations
,
June 2012 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” This study observed that smaller polymeric submicron particles provided more efficient selective drug delivery to inflamed skin in a mouse model, enhancing therapeutic effects while reducing systemic adverse effects.
67 citations
,
January 2012 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that nanoparticles did not permeate intact rat skin but could penetrate skin that had been artificially punctured, primarily through grooves or hair follicles.
62 citations
,
October 2010 in “Journal of biomedical nanotechnology” This review discusses the challenges and contradictions in understanding nanoparticle penetration and toxicity in human skin, emphasizing the need for standardized testing and further research on particles smaller than 10 nm.
59 citations
,
July 2015 in “Journal of innovative optical health sciences/Journal of innovation in optical health science” This review examines the potential of nanoparticles for localized drug delivery via hair follicles but reports no new clinical results, with the authors noting a lack of commercial development despite research progress.
57 citations
,
December 2012 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” This review discusses the application of confocal laser scanning microscopy for studying nanoparticle interactions with skin and highlights its potential for broad applications, but reports no new experimental findings.
50 citations
,
November 2015 in “Journal of pharmacological sciences” This study found that applying α-mangostin-loaded nanoparticles significantly improved acne vulgaris in patients, with no notable skin irritation reported in human volunteers.
48 citations
,
September 2017 in “Frontiers in Bioscience” This review explores the role of nanotechnology in wound healing, highlighting its potential through antimicrobial properties, selective inflammatory action, angiogenesis promotion, and its use in drug and gene delivery.
48 citations
,
January 2017 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” This study found that polymeric nanoparticles may effectively deliver finasteride topically to hair follicles, potentially improving alopecia treatment with fewer side effects than oral forms.
43 citations
,
March 2017 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” The researchers reported that a new nanoformulation of paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles showed superior antitumor effects against malignant melanoma in vitro and in vivo compared to the commercial formulation Taxol®.
43 citations
,
August 2016 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine” This study found that a eupafolin nanoparticle delivery system improved water solubility and skin penetration, enhancing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against particulate matter-induced stress in skin cells.
43 citations
,
July 2016 in “European journal of pharmaceutical sciences” This study found that dexamethasone-loaded Eudragit® L 100 nanoparticles displayed controlled drug release depending on pH levels, with minimal toxicity to human fibroblasts.
42 citations
,
August 2016 in “Nanomedicine” In this study, TyroSpheres were used to encapsulate adapalene, increasing its solubility and enhancing skin distribution while reducing irritancy compared to a commercial formulation, indicating promise for acne treatment in ex vivo and in vitro settings.
40 citations
,
June 2013 in “Molecular Pharmaceutics” This study demonstrates that transfected epidermal stem cells using a novel 3D transfection system significantly enhanced wound healing and may serve as an effective therapeutic agent and gene delivery method for wound treatment.
39 citations
,
August 2017 in “Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces” This study found that 50-nm PLGA nanoparticles delivered with iontophoresis enhanced skin permeation of indomethacin in rats more effectively than 100-nm nanoparticles, suggesting improved targeting of hair follicles.
39 citations
,
January 2013 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” This article reviews the potential of nanoparticles for drug delivery through the skin barrier and highlights the need for further research on solid nanoparticles, as they lack commercial development for this purpose.
39 citations
,
April 2010 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” This study found that using monoolein cubic phase nanoparticles with an entrapped hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin/minoxidil complex increased minoxidil skin permeation, but minoxidil retention in the skin was higher with a traditional solution.
38 citations
,
March 2015 in “Journal of controlled release” This study found that transfollicular delivery using surfactant-based nanoparticles significantly enhanced antigen stability and immune response compared to other delivery methods, especially when combined with an adjuvant.