96 citations
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April 2017 in “Oncotarget” This study found that nanoemulsions of different sizes vary in their ability to penetrate skin layers, with smaller sizes aiding transdermal delivery and potential applications in transcutaneous immunization.
119 citations
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December 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” In this study, transcutaneously applied nanoparticles and viral vectors were shown to penetrate murine hair follicles, internalize in antigen-presenting cells, and induce immune responses, suggesting a promising approach for vaccine delivery.
January 2010 in “Journal of Animal Science” This study demonstrated that transcutaneous vaccination via cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping effectively induced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in humans, offering a promising alternative to intramuscular injection.
62 citations
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October 2010 in “Journal of biomedical nanotechnology” This review discusses the challenges and contradictions in understanding nanoparticle penetration and toxicity in human skin, emphasizing the need for standardized testing and further research on particles smaller than 10 nm.
December 2013 in “Pump Industry Analyst” This study found that using particle-based antigen delivery in combination with cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping is an effective needle-free method for targeting HIV-1 p24 protein to skin cells, enhancing transcutaneous vaccination potential.