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This study found that 40 nm nanoparticles can effectively penetrate into hair follicles and epidermal Langerhans cells in human skin samples, potentially enabling efficient transcutaneous vaccine delivery.

This review discusses recent advances in skin penetration mechanisms, specifically focusing on the enhanced understanding of the follicular pathway and its implications for transdermal therapies, immune system targeting, and nanoparticle safety.

In this study, transcutaneously applied nanoparticles and viral vectors were shown to penetrate murine hair follicles, internalize in antigen-presenting cells, and induce immune responses, suggesting a promising approach for vaccine delivery.

This article provides an overview of microneedle technology for transcutaneous drug delivery, discussing microneedle designs, materials, and activation methods that enhance drug stability and regulated release, and outlines considerations for their successful clinical implementation, such as biocompatibility and production cost.

This study reviews recent advancements in microneedles made from PLGA, highlighting their use in delivering vaccines, drugs, and proteins through the skin with minimal invasiveness, and discusses the challenges and future potential of these delivery systems.