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Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.

Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.

The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.

Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.

Human hair keratins can self-assemble and support cell growth, useful for biomedical applications.

Recombinant keratin materials may better promote skin cell differentiation than natural keratin.

Hair in mammals likely evolved from glandular structures, not scales.

Understanding how keratin structures in hair are arranged and interact is key for creating methods to extract and purify them.

Key genes can rewire networks, changing skin appendage types.

Bird foot scales develop differently and can repair but not fully regenerate due to the lack of specialized stem cell areas.

Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.

Keratin from human hair helps nerves heal faster.

A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.

The conclusion is that skin and hair patterns are formed by a mix of cell activities, molecular signals, and environmental factors.

Scientists have developed a method to keep chicken feather follicles alive and structurally intact in a lab for up to a week.

Keratin from hair and wool is used in medical materials for healing and drug delivery.

Different hair types in mammals are linked to variations in specific protein genes, with changes influenced by their living environments.

Epigenetic factors play a crucial role in skin health and disease.

Environmental factors can cause mutations in skin proteins, leading to skin disorders.

Future hair cosmetics will be safer and more effective.

Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.

The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.

Researchers found genes linked to feather growth speed in Shouguang chickens, highlighting two genes that might explain differences in feathering.

A new goat gene affects cashmere fiber thickness; certain variations can make the fibers coarser.

Researchers found four key proteins that affect the development of a specific hair type in Yangtze River Delta white goats.

Hair matrix cysts are rare skin nodules with unique features, often needing surgical removal.

The research identified genes and pathways important for sheep wool growth and shedding.

The research identified proteins that change as goat hair follicles begin to form, helping to understand how cashmere grows.

Removing a specific gene in certain skin cells causes hair loss on the body by disrupting normal hair development.

The document concludes that recent research has improved understanding of skin diseases and the balance between cell growth and differentiation in the epidermis.