Mammalian Keratin-Associated Proteins (KRTAPs) Subgenomes: Disentangling Hair Diversity and Adaptation to Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

September 2014 in “ BMC genomics ”

Imran Khan, Emanuel Maldonado, Vı́tor Vasconcelos, Stephen J. O’Brien, Warren E. Johnson, Agostinho Antunes

keratin-associated proteins KRTAPs cysteine glycine-tyrosine gene conversion pseudogenization hair diversity hair adaptation keratin proteins hair proteins

Studysummary This research found that variations in the KRTAP gene family are likely responsible for the diverse hair phenotypes seen among mammals, influenced by gene repertoire differences, expression, and evolutionary factors.

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research Identification and Sequence Analysis of the Keratin-Associated Protein 24-1 (KAP24-1) Gene Homologue in Sheep

51 citations , September 2012 in “Gene”

In this study, researchers identified a putative ovine KAP24-1 gene in sheep, revealing four unique DNA sequences with some similarity to KRTAP24-1 sequences from other species.

research Characterization of the Human Hair Keratin-Associated Protein 2 (KRTAP2) Gene Family

52 citations , April 2012 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that KRTAP2 proteins predominantly express in the hair shaft cortex of humans, interact with hair keratins, and play crucial roles in hair shaft keratinization.

research Ultrastructural Localization of Hair Keratin Homologs in the Claw of the Lizard Anolis Carolinensis

20 citations , December 2010 in “Journal of Morphology”

In this study, researchers found that alpha-keratin homologs similar to those in mammalian hair are present in the claws of the lizard Anolis carolinensis, suggesting a structural role during claw formation.

research Evolution of Hard Proteins in the Sauropsid Integument in Relation to the Cornification of Skin Derivatives in Amniotes

86 citations , April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy”

This paper reviews the evolution of skin appendages and keratin-associated proteins among amniotes, proposing a model for their genetic divergence without new experimental results.

research Expression Patterns of Keratin Intermediate Filament and Keratin Associated Protein Genes in Wool Follicles

95 citations , March 2009 in “Differentiation”

Gene expression in wool follicles changes with growth cycles, offering insights into wool and human hair growth.

research The Hair Follicle as a Dynamic Mini-Organ

759 citations , February 2009 in “Current Biology”

This review summarizes fundamental concepts and recent advancements in hair follicle biology, including insights from mouse models into broader molecular and cellular processes relevant to regeneration and development.

research Identification of Reptilian Genes Encoding Hair Keratin-Like Proteins Suggests a New Scenario for the Evolutionary Origin of Hair

115 citations , November 2008 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

In this study, the researchers found that mammalian hair likely evolved through the adaptation of existing structural proteins, as similar cysteine-rich α-keratins were identified in chicken and lizard genomes, suggesting pre-mammalian origins.

research Molecular Evolution of the Keratin Associated Protein Gene Family in Mammals: Role in the Evolution of Mammalian Hair

119 citations , August 2008 in “BMC Evolutionary Biology”

This study found that while the KRTAP gene family is unique to mammals, humans have a similar number of these hair gene types as other primates despite having less body hair.

research Characterization and Expression Analysis of the Hair Keratin Associated Protein KAP26.1

50 citations , July 2008 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

research Embryonic Keratinization in Vertebrates in Relation to Land Colonization

44 citations , May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica”

This study explains how the development of keratin-associated proteins in embryonic epidermis is crucial for forming protective barriers in vertebrates, enabling them to adapt to terrestrial environments.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified a novel keratin-associated protein, KAP24.1, which is specifically expressed in the human scalp and located in the hair cuticle.

research Human Hair Keratin-Associated Proteins: Sequence Regularities and Structural Implications

52 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study identified two key pentapeptide quasi-repeats in human keratin-associated proteins, which are similar to motifs found in sheep wool.

research Proteome Analysis of Human Hair Shaft

122 citations , January 2006 in “Molecular & Cellular Proteomics”

This study found that keratin and other hair proteins in humans are extensively modified posttranslationally, which helps explain the structural characteristics of mature hair.

research Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Keratinization in Vertebrate Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives

82 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.

research Human Hair Keratin-Associated Proteins

71 citations , August 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

This study revealed that human keratin-associated protein genes are expressed in specific patterns in hair fiber regions and vary in size, with some variations distinct across different populations.

research Terrestrial Vertebrates Have Two Keratin Gene Clusters; Striking Differences in Teleost Fish

47 citations , July 2005 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

Terrestrial vertebrates have balanced keratin gene clusters, unlike teleost fish.

research Size Polymorphisms in the Human Ultrahigh Sulfur Hair Keratin-Associated Protein 4, KAP4, Gene Family

27 citations , June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified numerous size polymorphisms in the human ultrahigh sulfur KAP4 genes due to intragenic sequence variations, suggesting these polymorphisms may have arisen through deletions and duplications during evolution.

research Human KAP Genes: Only Half of It? Extensive Size Polymorphisms in Hair Keratin-Associated Protein Genes

53 citations , June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This article reviews extensive genetic polymorphisms in the keratin-associated proteins of human hair, indicating complexity but reporting no new clinical results and calls for further research on their potential impact on hair structure.

research Characterization of New Members of the Human Type II Keratin Gene Family and a General Evaluation of the Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 12q13.13

92 citations , February 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

70 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

This study identifies six novel keratin genes from the chromosome 17q21.2 region, suggesting their association with hair follicles, while all 27 keratin genes in the domain have been characterized transcriptionally.

research Krtap16: Characterization of a New Hair Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Complex on Mouse Chromosome 16 and Evidence for Regulation by Hoxc13

47 citations , September 2004 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study provides evidence supporting a regulatory relationship between the transcriptional regulator Hoxc13 and Krtap16 genes, which are crucial for proper hair growth in mice.

research Fine Structure of Marsupial Hairs, with Emphasis on Trichohyalin and the Structure of the Inner Root Sheath

8 citations , July 2004 in “Journal of morphology”

This study explored the structure and keratin composition of marsupial hairs, finding similarities in keratin localization to hairs in placental mammals, and highlighting potential roles of trichohyalin and transglutaminase during hair development and shedding.

research Identification of Two Novel Clusters of Ultrahigh-Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes on Human Chromosome 11

27 citations , April 2004 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

In this study, two novel clusters of keratin-associated protein genes on human chromosome 11 were analyzed, suggesting their products are crucial for hair formation due to preferential expression in hair roots.

research Comparative Genomics of the Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Clusters in Human, Chimpanzee, and Baboon

8 citations , March 2004 in “Mammalian genome”

KAP genes are crucial for hair development and show both shared and unique traits in humans, chimpanzees, and baboons.

research A Cluster of 21 Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Within Introns of Another Gene on Human Chromosome 21q22.3

34 citations , January 2004 in “Genomics”

In this study, researchers identified a cluster of hair-specific keratin-associated protein genes within the 21q22.3 region, revealing a novel transcription mechanism involving TSPEAR/C21orf29 that may bypass typical transcriptional termination sites.

research Hair Follicle Differentiation And Regulation

199 citations , January 2004 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology”

This review discusses advances in understanding hair and hair follicle structure, gene expression, and molecular signals in hair formation, without reporting new clinical findings.

Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

research Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

62 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified 16 novel high sulfur KAP genes and two KAP pseudogenes on chromosome 21q23, showing expression in a specific region of the hair fiber cuticle.

research Molecular Biology of Hair Morphogenesis: Development and Cycling

155 citations , August 2003 in “Journal Of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular And Developmental Evolution”

This review discusses the conserved molecular mechanisms controlling hair follicle development and cycling and suggests they may also apply to other ectodermal derivatives, like teeth and feathers, but it reports no new results.

research Characterization of a First Domain of Human High Glycine-Tyrosine and High Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes on Chromosome 21q22.1

100 citations , December 2002 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study identified a domain on human chromosome 21q22.1 containing various high glycine-tyrosine and high sulfur keratin-associated protein genes, revealing their diverse expression in hair-forming cells.

research Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Hair Follicle Development

854 citations , February 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of hair follicle formation and discusses potential future clinical applications for treating hair loss and skin tumors, but it reports no new clinical results.

research HKAP1.6 And HKAP1.7, Two Novel Human High Sulfur Keratin-Associated Proteins Are Expressed In The Hair Follicle Cortex

24 citations , February 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

In this study, researchers identified two new keratin-associated proteins, hKAP1.6 and hKAP1.7, in human hair follicles, contributing to understanding hair fiber differentiation.

Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

research Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

98 citations , June 2001 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study identified a cluster of genes on chromosome 17 related to hair keratin-associated proteins, including 37 genes forming seven multigene families, localized in the hair shaft's upper cortex.

research Characterization of a 300 Kbp Region of Human DNA Containing the Type II Hair Keratin Gene Domain

77 citations , March 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The research identified six functional hair keratin genes and four pseudogenes, providing insights into hair formation and gene organization.

research Characterization of a 190-Kilobase Pair Domain of Human Type I Hair Keratin Genes

74 citations , October 1998 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study discovered nine human type I hair keratin genes, including a transcribed pseudogene, in a 190 kbp genomic region, revealing three gene subclusters based on sequence homologies.

research Characterization of a Gene Encoding a Cysteine-Rich Keratin Associated Protein Synthesized Late in Rabbit Hair Follicle Differentiation

26 citations , March 1995 in “Differentiation”

This study isolated and sequenced the complete gene rKAP4L1, which encodes a cysteine-rich hair keratin-associated protein in rabbit hair follicles.

research Differential Expression of Genes Encoding a Cysteine-Rich Keratin Family in the Hair Cuticle

35 citations , September 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Regulation of Keratin Gene Expression in Hair Follicle Differentiation

98 citations , December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

This study found that conserved DNA motifs and expression patterns in keratin genes suggest functional regulatory similarities in hair follicle differentiation across different mammalian species.