Skin Structure, Physiology, And Pathology In Topical And Transdermal Drug Delivery

The review emphasizes the importance of enhancing drug delivery through the skin using permeation enhancers and advanced technologies to improve the efficacy of topical and transdermal formulations. It highlights the complexities of skin structure and physiology, which vary by body area, individual differences, and environmental factors, necessitating tailored delivery systems. The document discusses passive and active strategies for enhancing skin permeation, such as nanocarriers, microneedles, and electrical enhancers, each with unique advantages. Hair follicles are identified as key targets for drug delivery, particularly for hair regrowth and treating alopecia. The review also addresses the challenges posed by different skin types, such as glabrous and aged skin, and the role of transdermal systems in treating various skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and diabetic wounds. It underscores the need for targeted therapeutic strategies and the use of appropriate skin models in research to optimize drug delivery systems.