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Glossary Transgenic Mouse Model

A transgenic mouse model is a genetically modified organism that has had a foreign gene inserted into its genome, allowing researchers to study the effects of specific genes on biological processes, including hair loss and hair biology. These models are particularly relevant in the field of hair research as they can mimic human hair loss conditions, such as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia areata, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Key distinguishing characteristics of transgenic mouse models include the ability to control gene expression and the capacity to observe phenotypic changes in hair growth and follicle development in a living organism.

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research Ornithine decarboxylase transgenic mice as a model for human atrichia with papular lesions

20 citations , April 2000 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study observed that overexpression of the enzyme ODC in transgenic mice caused hair loss and skin changes similar to human papular atrichia, suggesting that ODC might be involved in a critical hair follicle function pathway.

research Transgenic rescue of desmoglein 3 null mice with desmoglein 1 to develop a syngeneic mouse model for pemphigus vulgaris

17 citations , April 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study reports that the transgenic expression of Dsg1 in mice rescued the severe B6-Dsg3−/− phenotype and created a syngeneic mouse model of pemphigus vulgaris, which may aid in understanding autoimmunity mechanisms.

research K6/ODC transgenic mice as a sensitive model for carcinogen identification

57 citations , July 2000 in “Toxicology Letters”

This study found that the K6/ODC transgenic mouse model is highly sensitive to identifying genotoxic carcinogens, showing 100% concordance with traditional rodent bioassays.

research Homozygous K5Cre transgenic mice have wavy hair and accelerated malignant progression in a murine model of skin carcinogenesis

7 citations , September 2006 in “Molecular Carcinogenesis”

This study observed that K5Cre +/+ transgenic mice develop a distinct phenotype characterized by wavy hair, curly whiskers, and an increased rate of papilloma malignant transformation.

research Transgenic mouse models support HCR as an effector gene in the PSORS1 locus

37 citations , June 2004 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics”

This study suggests that the HCR risk allele within the PSORS1 locus may contribute to psoriasis susceptibility by altering gene expression related to skin structure and differentiation, although these changes alone might not result in clinical symptoms.

research Transgenic Flash Mice for In Vivo Quantitative Monitoring of Canonical Wnt Signaling to Track Hair Follicle Cycle Dynamics

16 citations , February 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study developed a mouse model to monitor hair follicle cycling macroscopically through live bioluminescence imaging, enabling detailed analysis of hair cycle and propagation dynamics influenced by environmental factors.

research Animal Models of Psoriasis – What Can We Learn from Them?

127 citations , April 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This review compares various rodent models that reflect aspects of psoriasis with human psoriasis and potential applications for research, reporting no new clinical findings.

Mutant Laboratory Mice With Abnormalities in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis, Cycling, and Structure: An Update

research Mutant laboratory mice with abnormalities in hair follicle morphogenesis, cycling, and/or structure: An update

52 citations , October 2012 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This review presents updated tables of mouse mutants with hair growth abnormalities to aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms of human hair disorders, but reports no new clinical results.

research Evaluation of Animal Models Suitable for Hair Research and Regeneration

3 citations , May 2018 in “InTech eBooks”

This review discusses the evaluation of animal models for hair research and regeneration, highlighting their importance and limitations, and calls for improved approaches to advance understanding of human hair diseases.

research Experimental Models and Molecular Pathogenesis: An Integrated Review of Alopecia

January 2026 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This review highlights a disconnect between mechanistic insights and physiological relevance in preclinical models of hair loss disorders and suggests a shift toward more human-relevant systems could enhance translational research, despite limitations in existing models like transgenic mice and xenografts.

research Alopecia areata − animal models

69 citations , July 2002 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

This review discusses rodent models of alopecia areata and highlights genetic and epigenetic factors influencing its development, but reports no new experimental results.

research A Review of Hair Anatomy and Animal Models for Alopecia

October 2023 in “Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research”

This review examines the anatomy and physiology of hair, focusing on the hair growth cycle and various types of alopecia, using animal models such as mice and rats to study the condition's pathophysiology and aid in developing new treatments.

research Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1

380 citations , March 2000 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

This study demonstrates that mice with ectopic expression of the human GLI-1 gene in their skin developed tumors resembling human basal cell carcinoma, suggesting that GLI-1 is central to tumor development without additional p53 or Ha ras mutations.

research Visualising Androgen Receptor Activity in Male and Female Mice

89 citations , August 2013 in “PloS one”

This study used the "ARE-Luc" mouse model to visualize androgen receptor activity across various tissues in both male and female mice, highlighting the direct action of androgens outside reproductive organs.

research 132 Design of an in vitro skin 3D model mimicking a disruption of the barrier function

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that activating the hexosamine pathway may enhance skin homeostasis, potentially increasing hair follicle stem cells and modifying extracellular matrix components like hyaluronic acid in vitro.

research Transgenic mice overexpressing protein kinase C epsilon in their epidermis exhibit reduced papilloma burden but enhanced carcinoma formation after tumor promotion.

99 citations , February 2000 in “PubMed”

This study found that overexpression of PKCepsilon in transgenic mice reduced papilloma development but accelerated carcinoma formation in a skin tumor promotion model.

research Development of Heritable Melanoma in Transgenic Mice

75 citations , March 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study reports that transgenic mice carrying Clone B DNA developed spontaneous melanomas likely due to an interruption in genes regulating cell growth in melanin-producing cells, offering a model for melanoma research.

research Transgenic Kallikrein 14 Mice Display Major Hair Shaft Defects Associated with Desmoglein 3 and 4 Degradation, Abnormal Epidermal Differentiation, and IL-36 Signature

15 citations , June 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identifies KLK14 as a significant factor contributing to hair defects and skin inflammation in a mouse model of Netherton syndrome.

research Inducible, reversible hair loss in transgenic mice.

3 citations , June 2002 in “Transgenic Research”

This study suggests that inducible transgenic mice showing hair follicle changes similar to telogen effluvium in humans might serve as a useful model for understanding this type of hair loss.

research 607 Cutaneous overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 models androgenetic alopecia in adult mice

April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study developed a transgenic mouse model to explore androgenetic alopecia, finding that inducible COX2 expression led to sebaceous gland changes and hair miniaturization, with reversible effects upon reducing COX2.

research Suppression of mammary tumorigenesis in transgenic mice by the RXR-selective retinoid, LGD1069.

143 citations , May 2002 in “PubMed”

This study found that the retinoid LGD1069 suppressed mammary tumorigenesis in a mouse model without observable toxicity, while TTNPB showed modest effects but was associated with significant toxicity.

research Dormant tumor cells in ret transgenic mouse melanoma model and their interaction with memory T cells

January 2012 in “heiDOK (Heidelberg University)”

In this study, researchers observed that dormant TRP-2+ melanoma cells in bone marrow can interact with CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing ret transgenic mice, potentially influencing immune responses.

research The Effects of Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in NAG-1 Transgenic Mice

January 2020 in “ScholarWorks (Central Washington University)”

This study suggests that NAG-1 overexpression may prevent some metabolic dysfunctions linked to polycystic ovary syndrome in a mouse model.

research Transduction‐induced overexpression of Merkel cell T antigens in human hair follicles induces formation of pathological cell clusters with Merkel cell carcinoma‐like phenotype

5 citations , August 2021 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study suggests that Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigen-positive cells resembling Merkel cell carcinoma may originate from epithelial cells in human hair follicles, potentially informing future transgenic mouse models for this cancer.