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The enzymes 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase help create brain-active substances from progesterone and testosterone, which could be used for treatment, but more research is needed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Men with advanced liver disease and high oestrone and low testosterone levels have worse health outcomes.

MENT could be a better option than testosterone for male hormone therapy and birth control because it works well at lower doses and has fewer side effects on the prostate.

Testosterone helps human pancreatic cells increase insulin release.

Nandrolone might increase muscle mass with fewer side effects than testosterone but could cause erectile dysfunction and needs more research.

Finasteride increases hair growth, prolongs hair cycle, and lowers dihydrotestosterone levels.

Rat skin takes up and processes testosterone differently than other organs, with testosterone being more important for the skin than its metabolite 5α-DHT.

Honokiol might help reduce male skin aging by maintaining testosterone levels.

Men with low or no sperm count have lower salivary testosterone levels, and saliva testing can measure their testosterone well.

Local testosterone treatment improved sexual desire in a female with fragile X syndrome.

Women with excessive hair growth or polycystic ovary disease may more often carry a gene variant for 21 hydroxylase deficiency.

Higher testosterone harms sperm motility, while higher estradiol improves sperm survival.

Finasteride reduces sperm count and quality and alters hormone levels in mice.

Testosterone metabolism in balding scalp cells may not be the main cause of hair loss.

The update highlights that non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is common in women with excess male hormones, requires specific hormone tests for diagnosis, and has various treatment options depending on age and symptoms.

Certain mutations in the H6PD gene cause Cortisone Reductase Deficiency by affecting hormone production.

Using 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels to diagnose nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia can result in many incorrect diagnoses.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in women with PCOS and linked to some metabolic problems, but not the main cause of their metabolic issues.

Some men with early hair loss may have a male version of PCOS, affecting hormones and increasing health risks.

Low androgen levels can still cause female pattern hair loss.

Some women with excess hair growth have a hormone condition that can't be diagnosed by blood or urine tests alone.

Lack or blocking of SRD5a, a key component in hormone creation, can lead to conditions like pseudohermaphrodism and affect hair growth, bone mass, muscle strength, and reproductive health. More research is needed on its regulation from fertilization to adulthood.

Normal levels of DHT can reduce belly fat and increase muscle, but too much can lead to hair loss, prostate issues, and possibly heart disease.

Finasteride's sexual side effects not caused by androgen deficiency or SRD5A inhibition.

Finasteride safely lowers DHT levels without affecting testosterone.

Finasteride reduces dihydrotestosterone, increases testosterone, and may treat hirsutism in women.

Testosterone therapy can help improve mood, sexual function, and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed to establish safe and effective guidelines.

Estrogen deficiency, like after menopause or certain surgeries, leads to faster skin aging and health issues.

Genetic defects in testosterone production can cause hormonal and developmental disorders, and more research is needed to understand androgen regulation and develop safer treatments.

Finasteride helps treat skin issues like acne and baldness by blocking testosterone conversion.