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Glossary Matrix Metalloproteinases

enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that break down proteins in the extracellular matrix, which is the network of molecules surrounding cells. They play a crucial role in tissue remodeling, wound healing, and various physiological processes, but their overactivity can contribute to diseases like arthritis and cancer.

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research Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in the hair cycle

21 citations , May 2016 in “Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine”

In this study, the researchers observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly fluctuated with the hair growth cycle in mice, suggesting their important role in hair development.

research A polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene promoter is associated with the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Caucasian women

8 citations , May 2005 in “Fertility and Sterility”

In this study, women with the GG polymorphism of the MMP1 gene promoter were found to have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome.

research Matrix Metalloproteinase-19 Expression in Normal and Diseased Skin: Dysregulation by Epidermal Proliferation

56 citations , November 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified altered expression of MMP-19 in the skin's epidermal layers during diseases like psoriasis and eczema, implying a role in disease processes.

research Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Is Involved in the Regulation of Hair Canal Formation

20 citations , September 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that MMP-9 plays a significant role in extracellular matrix remodeling during hair canal formation in mice, as indicated by delayed hair shaft emergence and hair canal development in MMP-9 knockout mice.

research Human Scalp Dermal Papilla and Fibrous Sheath Cells have a different expression profile of Matrix Metalloproteinases in vitro when compared to Scalp Dermal Fibroblasts

9 citations , August 2005 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Scalp dermal papilla and fibrous sheath cells have different MMP expression than scalp dermal fibroblasts.

research Procyanidins attenuate neuropathic pain by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9/2

22 citations , June 2018 in “Journal of Neuroinflammation”

This study found that procyanidins effectively alleviate neuropathic pain in mice by significantly inhibiting MMP-9/2 activity.

research In-Vitro Anticancer Activity of Chemical Constituents from Etlingera alba Poulsen against Triple Negative Breast Cancer and in silico Approaches towards Matrix metalloproteinase-1 Inhibition

7 citations , May 2022 in “Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology”

This study found that compounds isolated from the Etlingera alba rhizome exhibited cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activity, with potential for development against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

research 1396 Interferon-24 regulates the expression of MMP1 and dermal collagen of the skin

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study identified increased IL-24 expression in keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to particulate matter, contributing to skin aging by promoting conditions similar to age-related changes such as increased MMP1 expression and decreased type I collagen production.

research Effect of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds Derived from Fibroblasts on Skin Wound Healing and Remodeling

8 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology”

This study found that a collagen patch made with fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix (fdECM) extracted from human lung fibroblasts enhanced wound healing by promoting wound contraction, angiogenesis, and skin remodeling in full-thickness skin wound models, including those with diabetic ulcers.

research Oral Centella asiatica Extract Attenuates UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Extracellular Matrix-Preserving Effects in Hairless Mice

December 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, orally administered Centella asiatica extract, standardized for asiaticoside content, significantly improved skin barrier function, elasticity, and reduced signs of UVB-induced photoaging in hairless mice, highlighting its potential as a nutricosmetic for skin health.

research MON-203 Dermatological Effects Of Hormone Replacement Therapy

October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

This research review observed that topical hormone replacement therapy, particularly estradiol and estradiol-testosterone combinations, significantly increased Type I and III collagen synthesis in the skin of postmenopausal women, suggesting benefits against collagen loss-related skin aging effects such as reduced elasticity and increased dryness.

Human Fibroblast-Derived Matrix Hydrogel Accelerates Regenerative Wound Remodeling Through Interactions With Macrophages

research Human Fibroblast‐Derived Matrix Hydrogel Accelerates Regenerative Wound Remodeling Through the Interactions with Macrophages

March 2024 in “Advanced science”

This study observed that a novel extracellular matrix hydrogel made from human fibroblast-derived matrix improved wound healing in animal models, showing significant effects such as hair follicle formation, reduced inflammation, enhanced pro-healing growth factor levels, and interaction with macrophages, compared to traditional collagen hydrogels.

research Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Epidermal Stem Cell Fate

57 citations , March 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review highlights recent advances in understanding how the extracellular matrix regulates epidermal stem cell fate, emphasizing the importance of the hair follicle stem cell niche, but reports no new empirical findings.

Sweat Glands Shrink Upward With Aging, Causing Dermal Layer Defects Leading to Loss of Skin Elasticity and Wrinkling - Establishment of 3D Imaging Method for Skin Appendages

research 250 Sweat glands shrink upward with aging, causing dermal layer defects that lead to loss of skin elasticity and wrinkling-establishment of 3D imaging method for skin appendages

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that their novel 3D-imaging method, ASAXA-μCT, identified shrinkage of sweat glands as a key factor in skin aging, which leads to dermal defects, decreased elasticity, and increased wrinkling and sagging.

Thymosin Beta 4 Increases Hair Growth by Activation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells

research Thymosin β₄increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells

98 citations , December 2003 in “The FASEB Journal”

In this study, thymosin beta4 was found to stimulate hair growth in normal rats and mice by affecting key processes in the hair follicle cycle, such as stem cell migration and extracellular matrix remodeling.

research Basement Membrane Zone Remodeling During Appendageal Development in Human Fetal Skin. The Absence of Type VII Collagen is Associated with Gelatinase-A (MMP2) Activity

42 citations , February 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that Gelatinase A activity is linked to the absence of type VII collagen during human fetal skin development, indicating its role in remodeling the basement membrane zone.

research 17β-Estradiol Inhibits Wound Healing in Male Mice via Estrogen Receptor-α

38 citations , May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

In this study, prolonged systemic administration of 17β-estradiol in castrated male mice delayed wound healing by inhibiting re-epithelialization and reducing collagen accumulation, with estrogen receptor-α likely mediating this effect.

research Collagenase IV plays an important role in regulating hair cycle by inducing VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β expression

27 citations , September 2015 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy”

This study suggests that type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in the hair cycle by regulating the expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β in mice.

research Commentary on Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Potential Therapeutic Tool for Promoting Hair Growth

13 citations , July 2012 in “Dermatologic Surgery”

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may help promote hair growth and improve graft survival after hair transplantation, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness and determine the best dosage.

research Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on hypertrophic scar remodeling in rabbit model

10 citations , January 2015 in “European journal of pharmacology”

In this animal study, ginsenoside Rb1 demonstrated therapeutic effects on hypertrophic scar remodeling, with the highest efficacy observed at a dose of 0.56 mg.

The Role of Moracin M in Promoting Hair Growth: Insights into Mechanisms of WNT/β-Catenin Pathway Activation and Angiogenesis Enhancement in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

research The Role of Moracin M in Promoting Hair Growth: Insights into Mechanisms of WNT/β- Catenin Pathway Activation and Angiogenesis Enhancement in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

November 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study reported that Moracin M, a compound from the Moraceae family, significantly promoted hair growth and vascular regeneration by enhancing cell proliferation and Wnt signaling activation in laboratory settings, suggesting it may offer a promising alternative to existing hair growth treatments like minoxidil.

research Connective tissue sheath of hair follicle is a major source of dermal type I procollagen in human scalp

4 citations , September 2012 in “Journal of dermatological science”

The hair follicle's connective tissue is a key source of a certain collagen in human scalp skin.

Cosmetic Dermatology Techniques for Photoaged Skin

research Cosmetic Dermatology

2 citations , November 2014

This chapter reviews common cosmetic dermatology techniques but presents no new findings; it discusses treatments like emollients and laser therapy for conditions like photoaged skin and acne scarring.

research Anti-aging effect of Grateloupia elata extract in skin

September 2025 in “Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry”

In a laboratory study, Grateloupia elata extract demonstrated antioxidant and anti-aging effects by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting collagenase and elastase, increasing procollagen production, and reducing MMP-1 secretion, suggesting its potential use in functional cosmetics.

IL-9 Mediated Human Primary Keratinocytes Invasion Is Dependent on MLC Controlled Contractility and Independent of MMP Activity

research 879 IL-9 mediated human primary keratinocytes invasion is dependent on MLC controlled contractility and independent of MMP activity

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that IL-9 influences the behavior of human primary keratinocytes by promoting motility while reducing invasion potential through a novel mechanism independent of matrix-metalloproteinases.

research Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells

92 citations , August 2017 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

This study found that newborn mouse skin organoids can robustly grow hair in vivo, while adult organoids require specific interventions to restore their hair-forming ability.

research Desmodesmus pannonicus Water Extract Inhibits Melanin Synthesis and Promotes Wound Healing

1 citations , November 2024 in “Life”

In this study, Desmodesmus pannonicus water extract demonstrated significant antioxidative properties, inhibited melanin production, promoted wound healing in human keratinocyte cells, and showed potential for hair growth enhancement in human follicle dermal papilla cells, suggesting its promise for future dermatological applications.

research Scarless wound healing: Transitioning from fetal research to regenerative healing

79 citations , January 2018 in “Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Developmental Biology”

This review discusses the experimental targets of fetal wound healing and evaluates existing therapies for scarless healing in adult skin, but reports no new research findings.

research Skin connective tissue and ageing

77 citations , July 2013 in “Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology”

This review discusses the impact of menopause-related oestrogen deficiency on skin ageing and suggests that oestrogen use may improve collagen and skin elasticity, but it reports no clinical trial results.

research Anti-Acne Agents Attenuate FGFR2 Signal Transduction in Acne

65 citations , February 2009 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This paper discusses the hypothesis that anti-acne agents may work by reducing FGFR2 signaling, and emphasizes FGFR2's potential role in acne pathogenesis, but it reports no new experimental findings.