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This study systematically reviewed the use of topical testosterone products such as creams, gels, and patches, finding they effectively raise serum testosterone but pose significant systemic risks like acne and gynecomastia, necessitating careful medical oversight.

This study described a novel three-dimensional-printed microneedle system designed for improved transdermal delivery of minoxidil to treat hair loss, demonstrating effective hair regrowth and safety in a mouse model while allowing sustainable needle base recovery.

This study developed a novel, 3D-printed dissolving microneedle system for delivering minoxidil to treat hair loss, which showed pH-triggered drug release and enhanced hair regrowth in an alopecia mouse model, offering a potentially sustainable and safe transdermal therapy option.

This study developed a novel treatment method using carbon dots from Cinnamomum burmannii leaves, which improved hair regeneration and thickness in an AGA mouse model by promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and reducing inflammation through multiple signaling pathways.

In this study, researchers addressed the limitations of adenosine's practical application in treating inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue repair due to its poor water solubility and low transdermal permeability. Results are not reported in the abstract.

This review suggests that while estrogen-targeted therapies may improve skin quality in postmenopausal women, systemic risks limit hormone replacement therapies, and more research is needed for localized treatments.

This study highlights that physiotherapeutic methods like low-intensity laser therapy, radiofrequency, and electrical stimulation show promising effectiveness in stimulating hair growth and treating telogen effluvium by enhancing cell activity, ATP synthesis, and transdermal drug delivery.

This review found that microinfusion of medications using tattoo devices (MMP®) shows potential as a minimally invasive method for treating ailments like alopecia and basal cell carcinoma, offering notable improvements with minimal side effects due to localized drug delivery.

This study found that using a stevioside-based microneedle patch significantly increased minoxidil's solubility and skin absorption, promoting hair growth in animal models and achieving 67.5% area coverage by day 35, highlighting the potential of this novel delivery system for androgenetic alopecia treatment.

This review highlights the potential of microneedle technology in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising transdermal delivery system for skin diseases, showcasing improved efficacy and reduced side effects of TCM ingredients while discussing the challenges of its clinical application.

This study found that finasteride delivered through dissolving microneedles enhanced skin drug permeation compared to films, suggesting potential for improved androgenetic alopecia treatment with fewer side effects.

In this case report, a transgender woman with refractory epilepsy began estrogen therapy for gender-affirming purposes, experiencing stable epilepsy and reduced gender dysphoria through ongoing multidisciplinary care, highlighting the importance of careful management for similar patients.

The nanoemulsion system effectively delivers drugs through the skin and shows promise for treating skin conditions.

Vitamin D3-coated nanoparticles effectively deliver caffeine for alopecia treatment with minimal side effects.

This study discusses ethosomes, which are lipid-based vesicular carriers that improve drug penetration into the skin due to their high ethanol content, highlighting their benefits in drug delivery despite stability issues like phospholipid oxidation and vesicle fusion during storage.

Combining microneedling with drugs and stem cells shows promise for improving hair growth in androgenetic alopecia.

This study found that microneedles co-delivering minoxidil and a nitric oxide donor effectively promoted hair growth and follicle transition to the growth phase in an alopecia mouse model, suggesting a promising new approach for androgenetic alopecia treatment.

This study suggests that curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, which activate autophagy and reduce oxidative stress, showed promise in promoting hair growth in an androgenetic alopecia mouse model.

This review discusses the potential of using Arabidopsis thaliana to express fusion protein TDP1-KGF-2, aiming to enhance the transdermal delivery of KGF-2 for hair growth applications, despite current challenges with production costs and efficacy.

This study highlights the potential of chitosan nanoparticles to improve cannabidiol solubility and delivery for treating alopecia, suggesting a promising approach for transdermal delivery of hydrophobic compounds.

This literature review discusses exosomes' potential as biomarkers and therapeutics for skin issues, hair loss, and wound healing, but notes that their full functions and standardized applications remain inadequately understood.

This study developed a PEGylated black phosphorus nanosheet system loaded with metformin, which enhanced hair growth more effectively than topical minoxidil while reducing side effects in treating androgenetic alopecia.

This study developed a stable nanoemulsion using ultrasonic vibrations and Tween 80 emulsifier, which can enhance the antibacterial activity and prolong the shelf life of food products, as well as be applicable in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for oral and transdermal use.

LMWP-PDGFA shows promise for improving hair health and treating hair loss with fewer side effects.

This study found that hair steroid analysis effectively detected increased hormone levels from both a single testosterone dose and laboratory-induced stress, revealing individual context factors like relationship status also impact hair hormone concentrations.

In this study, researchers investigated the use of the Pulse Booster Drug Delivery Mesojectgun technology for non-invasive treatment of scalp conditions, finding improvements in hair volume, thickness, and reduction of hair loss in four participants with alopecia after applying specific active ingredients.

This study aimed to develop a new transdermal patch for treating androgenetic alopecia using finasteride, combined with chemical permeation enhancers to improve drug delivery through the skin, but results of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaluations are not reported.

In this retrospective chart review, researchers observed that estrogen monotherapy effectively suppressed testosterone levels below 50ng/dL in all transfeminine patients studied, particularly those using injectable formulations, though the small sample size and ongoing data collection limit these findings.

In this retrospective study, among transfeminine patients aged 19-81 receiving gender-affirming estrogen therapy, 100% achieved testosterone suppression without anti-androgens when serum estradiol exceeded 100pg/mL, predominantly using injectable estrogen.

This review outlines the potential of nanoemulsion-based hydrogels (nanoemulgels) for enhanced topical and transdermal drug delivery in treating skin disorders, highlighting their ability to improve therapeutic efficacy, control drug release, and boost patient compliance.