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Glossary Topical Immunotherapy

deliberately triggers skin immune response to promote hair regrowth

Topical immunotherapy, also known as contact immunotherapy, is a treatment method used primarily for conditions like alopecia areata, where an immune response is deliberately triggered on the skin to promote hair regrowth. This is typically achieved by applying a chemical agent, such as diphencyprone (DPCP), to the affected area, causing a mild allergic reaction that can stimulate hair follicles and potentially lead to hair regrowth.

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Comparative Trial on Efficacy of Topical Contact Immunotherapy with Dinitrochlorobenzene and Diphenylcyclopropenone in Alopecia Areata

research Comparative trail on efficacy of topical contact immunotherapy with dinitrochlorobenzene and diphenylcyclopropenone in alopecia areata

July 2021 in “International journal of dermatology, venereology and leprosy sciences”

This study found that diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) was more effective and better tolerated than dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in promoting hair regrowth in patients with alopecia areata.

research Contact immunotherapy‐resistant alopecia areata totalis/universalis reactive to topical corticosteroid

5 citations , May 2015 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Topical corticosteroids can help treat severe alopecia areata when other treatments fail.

research Successful Treatment of Multiple Alopecia Areata With Contact Immunotherapy: Supportive Usage of Oral Antihistamine and Topical Corticosteroid

1 citations , December 2017 in “Dermatology - Open Journal”

This case study reports successful regression of alopecia areata in a female patient through DPCP immunotherapy supported by oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids, suggesting indirect antihistamine effects on allergic inflammation may contribute to improvement.

research A systematic review on the treatment of pediatric severe alopecia areata by topical immunotherapy or Anthralin (contact sensitization) or low‐level light/laser therapy (LLLT): focus on efficacy, safety, treatment duration, recurrence, and follow‐up based on clinical studies

17 citations , October 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This review found that topical immunotherapy and light/laser therapy may achieve over 50% hair regrowth efficacy in treating extensive alopecia areata in children, with no serious side effects observed.

research Discoid lupus erythematosus exacerbated by contact dermatitis caused by use of squaric acid dibutylester for topical immunotherapy in a patient with alopecia areata

15 citations , March 2008 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

In this case report, a patient with a history of discoid lupus erythematosus experienced an exacerbation of the condition after topical immunotherapy for alopecia areata, suggesting contact dermatitis as a potential trigger.

research Application of Topical Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Review and Update

20 citations , March 2021 in “Drug design, development and therapy”

This review summarizes the pharmacology, mechanisms, and clinical efficacy of topical immunotherapy for alopecia areata but reports no new clinical results.

research Vitiliginous lesions during contact immunotherapy for alopecia in a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis

2 citations , July 2014 in “Our Dermatology Online”

This case report documents the development of vitiligo-like lesions in a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis following the use of topical squaric acid dibutylester for alopecia.

The Efficacy, Safety, and Recurrence Rate of Diphenylcyclopropenone Topical Immunotherapy for Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

research The Efficacy, Safety, and Recurrence Rate of Diphenylcyclopropenone Topical Immunotherapy for Alopecia Areata: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

January 2023 in “Dermatologic therapy”

This study reports that diphenylcyclopropenone topical immunotherapy resulted in any hair regrowth for 69% of patients with alopecia areata, but with common side effects including mild to severe contact dermatitis.

research Case Report: Multimodal contact immunotherapy in alopecia areata: long-term clinical experience in the JAK inhibitor era

February 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This case series described five patients with chronic alopecia areata who successfully maintained long-term disease control using a combination of topical immunotherapy and other treatments over 9–15 years, highlighting the approach's continued value alongside novel therapies.

research The therapeutic use of topical contact sensitizers in benign dermatoses

23 citations , July 2008 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This review discusses the use of contact sensitizers for topical immunotherapy in dermatological conditions such as alopecia areata and viral warts, but it reports no new clinical findings.

research The therapeutic use of topical contact sensitizers in benign dermatoses

60 citations , September 2001 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This review discusses the use of contact sensitizers in topical immunotherapy for conditions like alopecia areata and viral warts, focusing on treatment methods, efficacy, and potential adverse effects, and reports no new clinical results.

research British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of alopecia areata 2012

218 citations , April 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This updated guideline from the British Association of Dermatologists discusses current recommendations for managing alopecia areata but reports no new clinical research findings.

research Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review

48 citations , April 2021 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This study found that topical corticosteroids are the most supported first-line treatment for pediatric alopecia areata, with contact immunotherapy as the next best option.

Adolescent Hair Loss: Review of Common Forms and Treatment Challenges

research Adolescent hair loss

29 citations , August 2008 in “Current Opinion in Pediatrics”

This review discusses the most common types of alopecia in adolescents and emphasizes the importance of psychosocial support, but reports no new clinical findings.

research Treatments for alopecia areata: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

23 citations , February 2021 in “Dermatologic therapy”

This study found that pentoxifylline plus topical corticosteroids had the highest treatment success rate for alopecia areata compared to no treatment, but the best overall treatment remains uncertain due to varying data.

research Management of alopecia areata

5 citations , June 2002 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

This presentation reviews the management of alopecia areata, emphasizing treatment challenges and options, but reports no new clinical results.

research Laser Hair Removal in Alopecia Areata of the Scalp: A Novel Therapeutic Approach

3 citations , April 2017 in “Dermatologic Surgery”

Laser hair removal can be an effective last-resort treatment for men with stubborn Alopecia Areata who want to be uniformly bald.

research Alopecia areata. Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the Polish Society of Dermatology. Part 2: Treatment

1 citations , January 2023 in “Przegląd Dermatologiczny”

This review discusses current and emerging treatments for alopecia areata, emphasizing systemic treatments for moderate to severe cases, and reports no new clinical results.

research Alopecia Areata Treatment: Past, Present, and Future

December 2024 in “Dermatological Reviews”

This review highlights significant advances in understanding and treating Alopecia Areata, emphasizing the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors like baricitinib, ritlecitinib, and deuruxolitinib for systemic treatment, while also noting ongoing research into new therapeutic approaches such as stem cell therapy and energy-assisted drug delivery.

research LB1012 The development of a pediatric alopecia areata treatment classification system based on results from a systematic review

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Topical corticosteroids are recommended first for treating pediatric alopecia areata due to safety and ease of use.

Review on Alopecia: Disease and Characteristics, Clinical Evaluation, Psychological Impact, and Available Treatment Options

research Review on Alopecia: Disease and Characterstics, Clinical Evaluation, Psychological Impact & Available Treatment Options

June 2022 in “Journal of pharmaceutical research international”

This article discusses scalp dermatoscopy and home CI therapy as promising diagnostic and treatment options for alopecia areata but reports no new clinical results.

research Tratamiento de la alopecia areata, un recorrido desde las opciones terapéuticas clásicas hasta los nuevos fármacos aparecidos en los últimos años

January 2018 in “Dermatology Online Journal”

This review discusses current pharmacological proposals for treating alopecia areata, highlighting the need for individualized treatment plans due to limited clinical trial evidence and potential for spontaneous remission.

research Prenatal diagnosis of a foetus with partial monosomy 4p and partial trisomy 13q

August 2017 in “Journal of biotechnology”

This review found that topical corticosteroids hold the highest level of evidence as a first-line treatment for pediatric alopecia areata, but further trials are needed to explore additional therapies.

research A patient with diffuse hair loss

January 2015 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal”

This diagnostic discussion reports that diffuse alopecia areata was identified in a patient with diffuse hair loss, based on specific histopathological features observed in a biopsy.

research Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata

45 citations , January 2010 in “International journal of trichology”

This review examines topical immunotherapy for severe alopecia areata, noting that diphencyprone and squaric acid dibutylester are non-mutagenic options with similar efficacy but different practical considerations, and reports no new clinical results.

research TOPICAL IMMUNOTHERAPY IN DERMATOLOGY

22 citations , March 1999 in “International Journal of Clinical Practice”

This review discusses the use of topical immunotherapy for severe alopecia areata and resistant viral warts, highlighting diphencyprone's advantages and the need for careful handling to avoid staff sensitisation; it reports no new clinical results.

research Severe pustular lesions induced by topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester for alopecia totalis

1 citations , June 2019 in “Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy”

This report describes two cases where topical squaric acid dibutylester application in alopecia totalis patients led to severe pustular lesions, necessitating systemic prednisolone treatment.

research Topical Treatment of Alopecia Areata

50 citations , July 1981 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study found that applying dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a contact allergen, led to hair regrowth in patients with alopecia areata, while croton oil did not have the same effect.

research Topical and intralesional therapies for alopecia areata

36 citations , May 2011 in “Dermatologic therapy”

This review discusses topical and intralesional treatments for alopecia areata, providing a management strategy based on patient age and disease severity, but reports no new clinical results.

Impaired Responses of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to T-Cell Stimulants in Alopecia Areata Patients with a Poor Response to Topical Immunotherapy

research Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to T-cell stimulants in alopecia areata patients with a poor response to topical immunotherapy

4 citations , July 2008 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This study found that alopecia areata patients who responded poorly to topical immunotherapy had impaired peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to T-cell stimulants.