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This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

Alopecia areata severity is linked to increased TH1 and TH2 activity.

This study found that a specific mutation in the mouse RXRalpha gene significantly impacts immune responses and causes hair loss and skin cysts.

This study found that dysregulation of systemic Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines is associated with alopecia areata, with specific cytokines linked to disease activity and treatment response.

This study found that dupilumab treatment in alopecia areata significantly suppressed Th2-related markers and increased hair keratin levels, suggesting a potential role of Th2 cytokines in the disease's pathogenesis.

In this case study, the progression of alopecia universalis in a Japanese man was linked to the involvement of Th1 and Th17 cells, suggesting an autoimmune mechanism.

This study found that a quinazoline derivative, SH-340, increased skin barrier-associated factors and inhibited TSLP expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in human primary keratinocytes, suggesting potential benefits for alleviating inflammation and improving skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis.

In this study, researchers reported that the Pinkie mutation in mice, affecting RXRa activity, leads to skewed Th1 development and suggests RXRa's role in Th2 differentiation, impacting immune responses.

In this study, researchers found that using a 5-α reductase inhibitor may reduce inflammation-related cytokines associated with T-helper cell 1 and T-helper cell 2 in prostate tissues after surgery, but it did not affect those related to Th17 cells.

Targeting immune pathways like JAK/STAT may help treat frontal fibrosing alopecia.

This study found that both Th1 and Th2 cytokine markers were elevated in the serum and skin of patients with alopecia areata, with Th2 markers more closely linked to disease severity.

This study identified Th22 cells as key effectors in hair regeneration driven by thymosin beta 15, suggesting they could be potential targets for hair regrowth therapies.

This study found that patients with active severe alopecia areata exhibited decreased CD200 expression on T and B lymphocytes, which may be linked to an imbalance in Th1/Th2 immune equilibrium.

This study concluded that Gushen Shengfa pills combined with Wuling capsules improved sleep quality and hair growth more effectively than compound glycyrrhizin and cystine tablets in patients with alopecia areata.

This study found that combining hair transplantation with platelet-rich plasma treatment significantly improved hair regeneration, reduced hair loss, and minimized skin lesion areas in patients with androgenic alopecia compared to hair transplantation alone, suggesting enhanced treatment efficacy.

This study synthesized and verified the structures of Setipiprant's major and minor metabolites, confirming their regio- and enantioselectivity from earlier proposals in a clinical study.

This study found that both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, along with IL-23 and IL-32 cytokine pathways, are active in alopecia areata lesions, and corticosteroid injections significantly altered these immune markers.

This study found IL-17/IL-36 signaling to be predominant in both endotypes of Netherton syndrome, with distinct molecular profiles between NS-ILC and NS-SE lesions, offering potential therapeutic targets.

This review discusses the regulatory roles of type 2 alarmin cytokines in skin immunity, focusing on their implications in host defense, chronic inflammation, and cancer, but reports no new clinical results.

Dupilumab may cause hair loss in some patients with severe atopic dermatitis.

This study found that EGFR-targeted cancer therapy can cause skin toxicities by disrupting epidermal signaling, allowing microbiota invasion and inflammation, but identified a potential treatment approach using FGF7 or SOS expression to restore barrier integrity.

This study found that selective deletion of Ctip2 in epidermal keratinocytes in adult mice leads to atopic dermatitis-like inflammation and suggests Ctip2 plays a crucial role in skin barrier maintenance and inflammatory regulation.

Ebastine may help regrow hair in alopecia areata patients.

This study found that individuals with AA have a higher incidence of atopic and autoimmune conditions, suggesting both Th1 and Th2 immune responses may play a role in its development.

This study found that reduced expression of CD200R1 on monocyte-derived macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis patients was significantly associated with higher disease severity and an imbalance in Th17/Treg cells.

This review discusses immune pathways involved in alopecia areata and explores emerging, more targeted therapeutic strategies, noting their potential for better safety and effectiveness compared to traditional immune suppressants.

In this study, Treg depletion impaired skin wound healing in mice, potentially by altering the cytokine environment and expanding certain T-cell populations, disrupting the normal healing process.

In this study, IFN-γ-stimulated iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles improved atopic dermatitis in mice by reducing Th2 cytokine activity, suppressing inflammation, and restoring skin barrier function, as evidenced by decreased itching and inflammatory markers.