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This study suggests that targeting specific immune pathways, such as IL-12/23 and Th2 cytokines, may offer new treatment options for alopecia areata, a T-cell-mediated disease without current mechanism-specific therapies.

This study observed significant differences in immune cell infiltration and gene expression across different skin sites, with the back displaying higher tolerance-promoting immune mechanisms, which may enhance epicutaneous immunotherapy outcomes.

This study found that dupilumab's effects on alopecia areata varied depending on patients' immune profiles, with Th2-skewed females seeing improvements and Th1-driven males experiencing worsening.

This study found that adding allergen immunotherapy to conventional treatment may reduce relapse-related hair loss in house dust mite-allergic alopecia areata patients over a 3-year period.

This study found that carbonic anhydrase II was significantly upregulated in human keratinocytes when treated with toll-like receptor 3 agonist and Th2 cytokines, suggesting its potential role in inflammatory skin conditions.

This review discusses the evolution of alopecia areata treatments towards more targeted therapies and reports no new clinical results, emphasizing cooperation between clinicians and scientists in understanding the disease's pathophysiology.

This study found that oral JAK3 and TYK2/JAK1 inhibitors improved clinical outcomes in alopecia areata patients by reducing immune responses and enhancing hair keratin expression, with stronger effects in those with shorter disease duration.

In this study, topical naringin was found to significantly improve dermatitis severity and reduce inflammatory markers in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for this condition.

The study was retracted.

This review discusses the shared biological mechanisms between allergy and autoimmunity, emphasizing pruritus as a central symptom in psychophysiological dermatoses, and reports no new clinical results.

This study suggests that IL-4 and IL-13 may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata in some patients, indicating a possible Th2-driven pathway in this condition.

This review discusses the complex role of immune disturbances and the JAK-STAT pathway in alopecia areata, noting the success of JAK inhibitors in treatment, while highlighting ongoing debates and challenges in targeting other pathways like IL-17 and TNF-α.

This research discusses the complex immune pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights the success of Jak inhibitors and IL-4Rα antagonists, while IL-17A and PDE4 inhibitors showed limited efficacy; controlled trials are advocated to better understand cytokine involvement.

This review of 32 articles suggests a stronger association between alopecia areata and allergic rhinitis than asthma in both adults and children, indicating a potential Th2-mediated component.

This review of seborrheic dermatitis highlights the role of complex immunoinflammatory processes in its pathogenesis and discusses emerging treatments, such as PDE4 inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and microbiome-targeted therapies, which may benefit patients with severe or treatment-resistant forms, according to the authors.

This study suggests that frontal fibrosing alopecia is a highly inflammatory disease involving TH1 and JAK-STAT pathways, without reduced hair keratins, highlighting JAK-STAT signaling as a potential therapeutic target.

This case report found that dupilumab treatment in a 5-year-old with prurigo nodularis considerably reduced her itch severity and nearly cleared the skin lesions after six months.

This review highlights that T cells are crucial in regulating hair follicle regeneration and their disruption can lead to alopecia, providing insights into hair disorders related to T cell immune balance and hair follicle regeneration.

This case study reported that Dupilumab treatment improved eczema, itch, and hair condition in a girl with Netherton Syndrome, as shown by over 40% improvement in various dermatological scores; however, significant flares of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa persisted.

This study reviewed the expression of chemokines in patients with alopecia areata, finding elevated Th1 and Th2 chemokine levels, suggesting a complex immune profile that may require broad immunomodulatory strategies to address the disease's underlying immune dysregulation.

In this retrospective study, researchers found a statistically significant increase in the risk of alopecia areata among atopic dermatitis patients using dupilumab compared to controls, suggesting the need for careful monitoring and further research on the drug's impact on alopecia areata.

This study found that total serum IgE levels were elevated in patients with alopecia areata compared to controls, suggesting a possible involvement of IgE and Th2 cytokines in its pathogenesis.

This study found that in patients with alopecia areata and atopic dermatitis, 61.5% showed improvement with dupilumab treatment, but 38.5% experienced worsened or new-onset alopecia areata, with higher baseline IgE levels linked to better responses.

In this study, researchers found that cytokine dysregulation linked to genetic background is present in both patients and healthy but genetically related individuals in two autoimmune skin diseases, Pemphigus vulgaris and Alopecia areata, suggesting that protective immune mechanisms may prevent disease manifestation in predisposed individuals.

This case report details a 46-year-old woman with severe atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata universalis who experienced renewed hair growth and improved skin symptoms after starting dupilumab therapy.

This study found that FZD2 is crucial for hair follicle formation and postnatal growth in mice and has a novel role in regulating early epidermal development, including stratification and cornification.

Alopecia totalis/universalis involves more intense immune activity and inflammation than patchy alopecia areata.

This review examines the interconnected processes of atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata, highlighting shared immune imbalances, genetic factors, and microbiome influences, while analyzing current and emerging treatments and identifying gaps in understanding these overlapping conditions.

In this scoping review and meta-analysis, researchers found that patients with alopecia areata show a complex serum chemokine profile, predominantly involving Th1- and Th2-associated chemokines, suggesting that broader immunomodulatory strategies might address the diverse immune dysregulation observed in the disease.

Brepocitinib improves cicatricial alopecia and reduces key immune markers.