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    Glossary GGN Repeats

    specific DNA sequence repeated within certain genes

    GGN repeats refer to a specific sequence of nucleotides (guanine-guanine-nucleotide) that are repeated multiple times within a gene. These repeats can influence the function of the gene and are often studied in the context of genetic disorders and variations. For example, variations in the number of GGN repeats in the androgen receptor gene can affect its activity and have been linked to conditions like androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness).

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    1. Polymorphism of CAG and GGN repeats of androgen receptor gene in women with polycystic ovary syndrome Reproductive Biomedicine Online · 2015 · 9 citations
    2. Androgen receptor gene CAG and GGN polymorphisms in infertile Nigerian men Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · 2009 · 26 citations
    3. The androgen receptor gene polyglycine repeat polymorphism is associated with memory performance in healthy Chinese individuals Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2009 · 9 citations
    4. Androgen receptor (AR) gene (CAG)n and (GGN)n length polymorphisms and symptoms in young males with long-lasting adverse effects after finasteride use against androgenic alopecia European Urology Supplements · 2017
    5. Genetic Variation in the Human Androgen Receptor Gene Is the Major Determinant of Common Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia American Journal of Human Genetics · 2005 · 195 citations
    6. Analysis Polymorphism of Androgen Receptor in Cases of Androgenetic Alopecia The Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology · 2011
    7. Baldness and the androgen receptor: the AR polyglycine repeat polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to androgenetic alopecia Human Genetics · 2007 · 60 citations
    8. Androgen Receptor (<i>AR</i>) Gene (CAG)n and (GGN)n Length Polymorphisms and Symptoms in Young Males With Long-Lasting Adverse Effects After Finasteride Use Against Androgenic Alopecia Sexual Medicine · 2016 · 14 citations
    9. A Pharmacogenetic Survey of Androgen Receptor (CAG)N and (GGN)N Polymorphisms in Patients Experiencing Long Term Side Effects after Finasteride Discontinuation International Journal of Biological Markers · 2014 · 16 citations
    10. Fine mapping of the human <i>AR/EDA2R</i> locus in androgenetic alopecia British Journal of Dermatology · 2010 · 28 citations
    11. CAG Repeat Testing of Androgen Receptor Polymorphism: Is This Necessary for the Best Clinical Management of Hypogonadism? The Journal of Sexual Medicine · 2013 · 29 citations
    12. No Evidence that 2D:4D is Related to the Number of CAG Repeats in the Androgen Receptor Gene Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2013 · 40 citations
    13. The association of cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene with nodulocystic acne in Egyptian patients International Journal of Research in Dermatology · 2023
    14. Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology European Journal of Dermatology · 2011 · 68 citations
    15. CAG polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene in women may be associated with nodulocystic acne Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii · 2019 · 7 citations
    16. Acne Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology · 2011 · 2 citations
    17. Polymorphisms in androgen and estrogen receptor genes: effects on male aging Experimental Gerontology · 2004 · 12 citations
    18. Androgen Receptor Polymorphism-Dependent Variation in Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentrations of European Men Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · 2014 · 9 citations
    19. The effect of GGC and CAG repeat polymorphisms on the androgen receptor gene in response to finasteride therapy in men with androgenetic alopecia Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · 2019 · 1 citations
    20. Androgen receptor gene polymorphism and biological age markers in men Scientific Reports · 2025
    21. Genetic Variants Associated with Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS Pathophysiology Genetics research international · 2018 · 29 citations
    22. Testosterone levels in relation to oral contraceptive use and the androgen receptor CAG and GGC length polymorphisms in healthy young women Human Reproduction · 2006 · 25 citations
    23. Efficacy of metformin therapy in adolescent girls with androgen excess: relation to sex hormone–binding globulin and androgen receptor polymorphisms Fertility and sterility · 2010 · 15 citations
    24. COVID-19 Severity and Androgen Receptor Polymorphism Biology · 2022 · 7 citations
    25. Androgen receptors and their biology Vitamins and hormones · 2001 · 66 citations
    26. Developing the Concept of ‘Feel Ezzy Hair Oil’: Explore the Nature of Hair Oil with Respect to Personal Well-Being International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology · 2023
    27. Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · 2017 · 100 citations
    28. Androgen modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in androgenetic alopecia Archives of Dermatological Research · 2018 · 39 citations
    29. Androgen excess: a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023
    30. Post-finasteride syndrome: An emerging clinical problem Neurobiology of Stress · 2019 · 26 citations