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    Glossary Estrogen Receptors

    proteins that bind estrogen, influencing cell behavior and function

    Estrogen receptors (ER) are proteins found inside and on the surface of certain cells that bind to the hormone estrogen. When estrogen binds to these receptors, it can influence the behavior of the cell, including growth, differentiation, and function. These receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including reproductive health, bone density, and even hair growth. In medical research, ERs are significant in understanding conditions like breast cancer, where the presence of these receptors can influence treatment options.

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    1. An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition and influences epidermal cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1996 · 154 citations
    2. The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor β Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor α and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · 2003 · 130 citations
    3. Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor β Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women1 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2001 · 93 citations
    4. Hair Cycle Control by Estrogens: Catagen Induction via Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α Is Checked by ERβ Signaling Endocrinology · 2005 · 92 citations
    5. Estrogen Receptor α, but not Estrogen Receptor β, is Involved in the Regulation of the Hair Follicle Cycling as well as the Thickness of Epidermis in Male Mice Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2002 · 72 citations
    6. Expression of estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in recent striae distensae International Journal of Dermatology · 2009 · 67 citations
    7. The Modulation of Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells by Dexamethasone: A Novel Mechanism for Selective Action of Estrogen via Estrogen Receptor Beta? Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2006 · 65 citations
    8. 17β-Estradiol Inhibits Wound Healing in Male Mice via Estrogen Receptor-α American Journal Of Pathology · 2010 · 38 citations
    9. Testosterone protects female embryonic heart H9c2 cells against severe metabolic stress by activating estrogen receptors and up-regulating IES SUR2B The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · 2012 · 24 citations
    10. Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptors-α and -β differentially modulates keratinocyte differentiation with functional impact on wound healing International Journal of Molecular Medicine · 2015 · 23 citations
    11. Dutasteride‐mediated morphological changes in the genitourinary tract associated with altered expression patterns of the androgen and estrogen receptors in male rats Andrology · 2016 · 12 citations
    12. Polymorphisms in androgen and estrogen receptor genes: effects on male aging Experimental Gerontology · 2004 · 12 citations
    13. Association of estrogen receptor gene variants (ESR1 and ESR2) with polycystic ovary syndrome in Tunisia Gene · 2020 · 9 citations
    14. Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · 2016 · 9 citations
    15. Failure of Topical Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists to Alter Murine Hair Follicle Cycling Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 1998 · 8 citations
    16. Polyamine Oxidase Expression Is Downregulated by 17β-Estradiol via Estrogen Receptor 2 in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2022 · 8 citations
    17. Organizational Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Expression in Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Adult Male and Female Rats Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · 2022 · 1 citations
    18. The Expressions of Androgen Receptors and Estrogen Receptors in Bald and Non-bald Area of Androgenic Alopecia Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2002 · 1 citations
    19. Early androgen activity after birth determines the hypothalamic expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in adulthood in female but not in male rats Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · 2025
    20. ESTROGEN RECEPTORS OF HAIRS BLACKS AND WHITES Bali Medical Journal · 2014
    21. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrium and peritoneal endometriosis: A new quantitative method International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · 1995
    22. Minoxidil May be a Partial Agonist of Estrogen Receptor Alpha microPublication · 2026
    23. Ferulic acid promotes hair growth via estrogen receptor alpha activation in cultured human dermal papilla cells Scientific Reports · 2026
    24. Reproduction of the human relevant potency threshold (HRPT) for estrogen receptor alpha agonism in an inference performance screen for ICCVAM’s regulatory scientific confidence framework Frontiers in Toxicology · 2025
    25. Complex Extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model Nutrients · 2023
    26. Role of estrogen receptor signaling in the control of the hair follicle cycle 2004
    27. Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Androgenic Alopecia Versus Alopecia Areata American Journal of Dermatopathology · 1998 · 27 citations
    28. The Effect of Perinatal Blockade of Androgen Receptors on the Expression of Hypothalamic Estrogen Receptor‐a and Sexual Motivation in Male Rats The FASEB Journal · 2016
    29. Expression patterns of three estrogen receptor genes during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development: evidence for high expression in neuromasts Gene expression patterns · 2004 · 77 citations
    30. 17β-Estradiol and ICI-182780 regulate the hair follicle cycle in mice through an estrogen receptor-α pathway 2000 · 71 citations