September 2022 in “KnE medicine” In this study, variations in candle nut oil concentration (5%, 6%, 7%) impacted the characteristics and stability of a hair tonic nanoemulsion, influencing factors like droplet size, pH, and viscosity.
June 2024 in “Pharmacon Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia” In this study, researchers evaluated different formulations of a nanoemulsion combining candlenut oil and virgin coconut oil on male rats and found that a 1:3 ratio yielded significant hair growth results, with an average hair length of 17.14 mm and a weight of 699.37 mg.
2 citations
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March 2023 in “Journal of Public Health in Africa” This study reported that using a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier with a combination of beeswax and oleum cacao improved the characteristics of candlenut oil and enhanced hair growth activity in rats.
1 citations
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September 2022 in “KnE medicine” This study demonstrated that a nanoemulsion hair tonic containing 7% candlenut oil accelerated hair growth more effectively in Mus musculus than both lower concentrations and a commercial ginseng tonic.
May 2026 in “Riset Informasi Kesehatan” This experimental study evaluated shampoo formulations with varying concentrations of candlenut oil, concluding that the 12% formulation (Formula 2) demonstrated optimal physical characteristics and quality standards, with acceptable pH and viscosity but reduced foam stability at higher oil concentrations.
March 2026 in “Buletin Veteriner Udayana” In this case report, a combination therapy including pyrantel pamoate, chlorpheniramine maleate, vitamin B-complex, and topical candlenut oil effectively treated dermatitis and Ancylostoma spp. infection in a dog, leading to improvement in skin condition and hair growth after 14 days.
August 2025 in “Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research” This study found that aerosols formulated with celery extract and candlenut oil significantly stimulated hair growth in rabbits without causing skin irritation, suggesting their potential as natural and safe alternatives for treating alopecia.
June 2024 in “Lontara Journal Of Health Science And Technology” This study evaluated the effects of candlenut oil, olive oil, and their combination on hair growth in male rabbits, finding that candlenut oil led to the greatest hair length increase compared to olive oil or the combination, which also showed significant effects.
December 2023 in “International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical” This study found that a mixture of 80% coconut oil and 20% candlenut oil effectively stimulated hair development in Wistar rats, which may be attributed to the high lauric acid content in coconut oil.
February 2026 in “IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science” This study identified specific morphological characteristics and kinship relationships among 27 candlenut genotypes in Karo Regency, North Sumatra, highlighting variations in stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and kernel traits, with the closest relationship between MTB1 and MTB2 genotypes.
1 citations
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December 2015 in “Jurnal Online Universitas Gadjah Mada (Universitas Gadjah Mada)” This study found that a lotion containing 1% xanthan gum had the best physical stability for candlenut extract hair-restoring lotion, with no significant change in flavonoid content after storage.
June 2025 in “Unram Medical Journal” This review found that linoleic acid, when used in various skincare product formulations such as creams and serums, offers potential benefits for skin regeneration and hair growth, highlighting its promise as a natural, sustainable ingredient in cosmetics.
April 2023 in “Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia” In this study using New Zealand White rabbits, a nanoemulsion combining candlenut oil and celery powder improved hair growth over 28 days, showing greater hair weight and thickness than both positive and negative controls, suggesting potential as an alopecia treatment.
December 2025 in “eTheses of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University (Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University)” This study found that an optimal combination of ethnomedicinal extracts from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, significantly increased hair length in mice, suggesting potential as a natural agent for hair growth through antioxidant mechanisms.
December 2025 in “eTheses of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University (Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University)” In this laboratory study, the researchers reported that an ethnomedicinal hair growth formula from East Nusa Tenggara, incorporating Kemiri, Kembang sepatu, Beringin, Mangkokan, and Waru, demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and effectively stimulated hair growth, suggesting potential development as a natural cosmeceutical.
3 citations
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April 2021 in “Home Ec.” This study evaluated three formulas of hair balm containing minyak kemiri for reducing hair loss and found that all formulas were effective, with formula F3 producing the highest reduction in hair loss among the study participants.
1 citations
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May 2024 in “Journal of Pharmacopolium” This review compares nanoemulsion formulas from several plants, such as argan and candlenut oils, which showed enhanced effectiveness in promoting hair growth in animal tests.
1 citations
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July 2022 in “Bandung Conference Series. Pharmacy” This study found that a hair tonic formulation using candlenut oil as an active ingredient could significantly promote hair growth in rabbits, achieving 29.77 mm in 22 days.
December 2024 in “Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia” This study found that chloroform extract of the onchidiid snail significantly promoted hair growth in male Wistar strain white rats, with a greater increase in hair length over 14 days compared to ethanol extract, candlenut oil, and untreated controls.
October 2024 in “Jurnal Pharmascience” This study concluded that formulations of celery and candlenut extracts meet the necessary criteria for use as a spray preparation aimed at promoting hair growth, based on evaluations of physical properties and consistency.
April 2024 in “Jurnal Agroindustri Halal/Jurnal agroindustri halal” This study investigated formulations of hair tonic using Hormophysa triquetra seaweed and candlenut extract, finding that the variant with the highest seaweed extract content demonstrated superior physical stability and rapid hair growth in test animals due to its antioxidant properties.
October 2023 in “Indonesian Journal of Biomedicine and Health Science” In this study, researchers found that a combination of celery and candlenut extracts significantly increased hair length in male Wistar rats, while hair weight increased with either extract alone or combined, and hair thickness was most improved with candlenut extract alone.
October 2021 in “Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech” This study found that combining kemiri oil and garlic oil at a 1:1 ratio with 200 ppm concentration was most effective for promoting rabbit fur growth in terms of length and weight.
This study suggests that a candlenut oil nanoemulsion formulation could enhance hair growth activity in Sprague Dawley rats, with stability for up to 14 days at room temperature.
This study evaluated formulations of a nanoemulsion with mangkokan leaves extract and candlenut oil, predicting its effectiveness for enhancing hair growth in male Sprague Dawley rats, with nanoemulsions showing assumed stable physical characteristics after two weeks.
July 2026 in “Pharmaciana” This study found that the optimal characteristics for ulin seed oil extraction are fresh, mature, and resinous seeds, and that FTIR spectrophotometry with PCA can effectively detect adulteration of the oil, particularly at certain wavenumbers like 1745 cm⁻¹.
May 2026 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that kukui nut oil (AMS oil) promotes hair growth in human hair follicle cultures by increasing PGF2α levels and activating Nrf2 signaling, and a human trial confirmed its efficacy in enhancing eyelash growth.
January 2026 in “Lumbung Farmasi Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian” This study found that a topical emulsion containing purified extracts of sidr leaves and roasted candlenut seeds significantly increased hair growth compared to the base and 2% minoxidil, potentially through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
August 2023 in “Health Sciences and Pharmacy Journal” In this review, researchers identified 10 natural plants, including candlenut and clove, that have shown potential to inhibit alopecia progression and stimulate hair growth due to their diverse phytochemical and pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo.
47 citations
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May 2021 in “Polymers” This review surveys the chemical composition and various uses of jojoba oil in medicine and industry but presents no new clinical results.