Jojoba Oil: An Updated Comprehensive Review on Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Uses, and Toxicity

Jojoba oil, derived from the seeds of the jojoba plant, has a rich history of medicinal use for treating skin and scalp disorders, wounds, sore throats, obesity, and cancer, as well as enhancing liver function, immunity, and hair growth. Extensive research highlights its diverse pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. It is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in cosmetics for various preparations, and holds industrial value as an anti-rodent, insecticide, lubricant, surfactant, and bioenergy source. Jojoba oil is highly valued for its composition, primarily consisting of wax esters (98%), along with sterols, vitamins, flavonoids, phenolic, and cyanogenic compounds. This review provides an updated overview of jojoba oil's chemical composition, physical properties, pharmacological activities, applications, and toxicity.