August 2026 in “Materials & Design” This study developed a multifunctional 3D-printed hydrogel scaffold, SH-EGCG, that showed promising results for repairing infected diabetic wounds; in lab and animal tests, it demonstrated antibacterial activity, enhanced wound healing, and improved tissue regeneration and remodeling through various supportive mechanisms.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
March 2024 in “Advanced healthcare materials/Advanced Healthcare Materials” This study found that generating pluripotent stem cell-derived skin organoids in a 3D bioprinted hydrogel device improved keratinocyte differentiation and hair follicle formation while reducing necrosis.
31 citations
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August 2019 in “Regenerative Medicine” This study found that the human placenta extracellular matrix hydrogel restored the hair-inductive capacity of high-passaged dermal papilla cells, enabling them to regenerate new hair follicles when co-grafted with mouse epidermal cells.
9 citations
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March 2023 in “Biomimetics” This review discusses current strategies and materials in tissue engineering for skin regeneration, emphasizing design approaches and suggesting directions for future research; it reports no new clinical findings.
July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that carefully engineered hydrogels and asymmetric morphogen gradients facilitated the formation of anatomically relevant skin organoids from iPSC-derived EBs, improving pigmentation and hair follicle generation.
22 citations
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November 2024 in “Bioactive Materials” This study found that 3D-printed polyamine-modified hydrogels facilitate M2 macrophage polarization and exosome secretion, enhancing skin cell compatibility and promoting wound healing and hair follicle induction in an animal model through specific signaling pathways, suggesting potential for skin disorder therapies.
15 citations
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January 2023 in “Biomaterials Research” This review explores the application and implications of 3D bioprinting in plastic surgery but reports no new clinical results, emphasizing its potential benefits and challenges for future research.
2 citations
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June 2022 in “Cells” The study found that growing dermal papilla cells in 3D spheroids enhances their activity with hair growth-promoting agents, such as minoxidil and TCQA, compared to traditional 2D cultures.
June 2023 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology” This review describes bioengineering strategies to mimic the natural cell microenvironment in vitro, emphasizing the novel approach of using cell-synthesized extracellular matrix as a scaffold for engineering functional 3D tissues, while highlighting the limitations of exogenous scaffolds in tissue engineering.
March 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This research observed that 3D electrospun micro/nanofibrous sponges, without using chemical crosslinking agents, supported enhanced cell growth, vascularization, and skin regeneration in diabetic rats compared to 2D fiber membranes, making them promising for 3D tissue regeneration.
21 citations
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March 2025 in “Journal of Extracellular Vesicles” This review discusses how using hydrogels as a three-dimensional culture platform for mesenchymal stem cells might affect the production of extracellular vesicles, highlighting challenges in standardization and opportunities to boost EV yield via combined hydrogels and bioreactor methods.
18 citations
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July 2022 in “Chemistry - an Asian journal” This study found that GelMA/HAMA bioink shows promise for 3D printing skin equivalents, as it effectively mimics the native skin's properties and supports hair follicle structure development.
14 citations
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April 2017 in “Scientific Reports” This study demonstrated that using a perfusion culture bioreactor and 3D spheroid culture can enhance corneal endothelial cell expansion and support the construction of tissue-engineered corneal endothelial layers in vitro.
13 citations
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October 2022 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” This study demonstrated that hyaluronan gel is a promising biomaterial for 3-D in vitro culture of mouse ovarian follicles, supporting the production of fertilizable metaphase II oocytes.
April 2026 in “Biomedical Materials” In this study, gold nanoparticle-conjugated curcumin and thymoquinone formulations were more effective against melanoma cells in 3D bioprinted scaffolds than free or co-administered phytochemicals, sustaining stress responses and overcoming tumor adaptation barriers.
January 2026 in “Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering” In this study, researchers developed a 3D in vitro model using decellularized Dupuytren’s disease tissue seeded with patient-derived fibroblasts, providing a platform to test antifibrotic therapies like minoxidil and demonstrating more complex drug responses than traditional 2D cultures.
January 2024 in “Biomaterials Research” This study introduced a novel 3D co-culture system that effectively mimics in vivo extracellular matrix dynamics, supporting hair follicle biology research and providing a robust platform for evaluating hair loss treatments through enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study developed a 3D skin model with immune and endothelial cells, which may enhance understanding of skin biology and diseases due to its closer approximation to native skin.
September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that activating the hexosamine pathway may enhance skin homeostasis, potentially increasing hair follicle stem cells and modifying extracellular matrix components like hyaluronic acid in vitro.
1 citations
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March 2024 in “Nanomaterials” This review article summarizes recent advancements in biomimetic scaffolds, highlighting their promise in tissue engineering and personalized medicine, particularly for skin and musculoskeletal system regeneration, while emphasizing the need for more extensive research to ensure their safety for human use.
April 2026 in “Microsystems & Nanoengineering” This study developed HA-gel-dex hydrogels with enhanced ECM-like properties and functionality, showing promise for 3D bioprinting, tissue repair, and as wound dressings due to improved cell interaction, cytocompatibility, antimicrobial synergy, and wound healing in mice compared to traditional ECM bio-inks.
July 2026 in “Organoid Research” In this review, researchers summarize key factors in constructing skin organoids, including cell source and assembly methods, and emphasize advances such as air-liquid interface culture for improving tissue development, aiming to guide standardized protocols and future clinical applications.
262 citations
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May 2017 in “Nanomedicine” This review examines recent advancements in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing applications, but reports no new experimental results, highlighting their potential in sutures, dressings, and skin regeneration.
28 citations
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December 2016 in “Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A” This study found that mesenchymal progenitor cells from human hair roots seeded onto polymer scaffolds stimulated the production of mineralized proteins, enhancing bone-like structures, with optimal results at a pore size of 35 µm.
25 citations
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April 2021 in “The EMBO Journal” This review discusses the role of hair follicle stem cells as active signaling centers in skin homeostasis, highlighting recent advancements and reporting no new clinical results.
18 citations
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October 2021 in “Journal of Advanced Research” This study demonstrated that a new biomimetic tissue engineering strategy using DP spheroids with vascularization significantly restored the hair-inducing properties of dermal papilla cells compared to traditional 3D cultures.
August 2023 in “Micromachines” In this study, researchers developed a multilayered gel bead culture model using a microgel-spotting device, successfully mimicking the early development of skin appendages and supporting in vitro hair follicle regeneration with structures resembling native hair follicles.
January 2022 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine” This review discusses strategies for hair follicle regeneration using tissue engineering and reports no new clinical results; the authors highlight potential future directions for promoting hair neoformation.
April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” In this study, researchers demonstrated that using 3D spheroid formation and genetic modification significantly enhanced the hair-inducing capacity of human dermal papilla cells in engineered skin constructs.