Alopecia Areata: Understanding the Pathophysiology and Advancements in Treatment Modalities

Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder causing non-scarring hair loss, with a lifetime incidence of 2%. It is linked to autoimmune diseases, environmental factors, and psychological stress, which can trigger immune attacks on hair follicles. Current treatments, such as corticosteroids and minoxidil, have limitations and side effects, while new therapies like JAK inhibitors and platelet-rich plasma injections are emerging. Genetic factors and lifestyle choices, including diet and stress, also influence AA. Studies highlight the psychological impact of AA, with high rates of anxiety and depression among patients. While some treatments show promise, limitations like small sample sizes and lack of long-term data necessitate further research. Comprehensive treatment approaches addressing both physical and emotional aspects are essential for improving patient outcomes.