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High androgen levels in postmenopausal women may suggest an ovarian tumor, and removing it can improve heart and metabolic health.

PCOS causes infertility mainly due to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation.

New skin disease treatments using TDDS are improving but face challenges like side effects and high costs.

People on immune-modifying skin disease treatments may have a weaker antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines but often improve after the second dose.

Stem cells and their secretions could potentially treat stress-induced hair loss, but more human trials are needed.

Two patients treated with TAC for mouth fibrosis improved but developed Cushing's Syndrome symptoms.

Oxidative stress and immune dysfunction are linked to both Hashimoto's thyroiditis and polycystic ovary syndrome, with diet and specific treatments important for managing these conditions.

Spironolactone may help improve symptoms and tear quality in dry eye disease.

Testosterone and its metabolites affect brain functions and could help treat neurological disorders.

The chapter explains common scalp conditions, including infections, infestations, and tumors.

Long COVID causes a wide range of long-lasting symptoms that change over time and are hard to diagnose and treat.

New treatments targeting the JAK signaling pathway, especially JAK inhibitors, show promise for alopecia areata.

Sex hormones affect hair growth and loss, and treatments for related hair diseases include various medications, hair transplantation, and light therapy.

COVID-19 may harm male reproductive health and lower testosterone levels, potentially affecting fertility and causing erectile dysfunction. More research is needed.

Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have lower levels of a substance called DIAPH1 in their blood, which is linked to changes in sugar metabolism and insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other health issues.

Targeted anticancer therapies can cause severe side effects similar to traditional chemotherapy, but with different types.

DHEA affects multiple receptors and may help with metabolic issues, but its safety and effectiveness in humans are unclear.

The document concludes that blocking the internal pathways that create androgens might help treat cancers that depend on sex hormones.

Modulating Cytochrome P450 activity could help develop new skin disease treatments.

Targeting the Smoothened receptor shows promise for treating certain cancers.

Damaging mutations in NFKB2 cause a severe and distinct form of primary immunodeficiency with early-onset and often ACTH-deficiency.

Chitosan, a natural substance, can be used to create tiny particles that effectively deliver various types of drugs, but more work is needed to improve stability and control of drug release.

Probiotics show promise for health benefits but need more research to understand how they work.

New treatments for COVID-19 show promise, but more effective antiviral drugs are needed.

The study concluded that immune cells attacking hair follicles cause hair loss in alopecia, with genetics and environment also playing a role, and highlighted the potential of certain treatments.

MDSC-Exo can treat autoimmune alopecia areata and promote hair regrowth in mice.

PPAR-γ helps control skin oil glands and inflammation, and its disruption can cause hair loss diseases.

Neuroactive steroids and the enzyme 5α-reductase might be involved in the development of Tourette's syndrome.

IL-1 family cytokines are crucial for skin defense and healing, but their imbalance can cause skin diseases.