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Glossary Protein Kinase C

enzymes that regulate various cellular functions by phosphorylating proteins

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These enzymes are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of calcium ions or diacylglycerol (DAG), and they function by phosphorylating various target proteins, thereby altering their activity. PKC is significant in many physiological and pathological processes, making it a key focus in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

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research Induction of hair growth by skin irritants and its relation to skin protein kinase C isoforms

10 citations , April 1999 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This study found that anthralin and sodium dodecyl sulfate accelerated hair growth in mice, potentially involving different skin protein kinase C isoform responses.

research 477 Dietary fat- and obesity-sensitive dermal adipocyte PKCβ induction and inflammation cross-talk

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that PKCß plays a critical role in modulating the dermal inflammatory microenvironment in response to dietary lipids in mice.

RPGRIP1L Facilitates Desmosomal Adhesion Through Suppressing PKCβII-Mediated Desmoglein Endocytosis: Implication in Pemphigus

research 441 RPGRIP1L facilitates desmosomal adhesion through suppressing PKCβII-mediated desmoglein endocytosis: Implication in pemphigus

April 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The researchers reported that disrupting the RPGRIP1L gene in mice impaired desmosome function, causing skin blistering, and their findings suggest that PKCβII inhibition could help treat pemphigus.

research Sustained release of inhibitor from bionic scaffolds for wound healing and functional regeneration

8 citations , January 2020 in “Biomaterials Science”

In this study, small molecule-loaded silk fibroin nanofiber scaffolds with chitosan achieved sustained release of GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763, leading to enhanced wound healing and hair follicle neogenesis in skin regeneration efforts.

research 1332 Janus kinase inhibitor increases hair growth by increasing beta-catenin activity in outer root sheath cells

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors increase β-catenin activity in human hair follicle cells, suggesting an additional therapeutic mechanism for treating severe alopecia areata.

research Topical Application of a Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Reduces Skin and Hair Pigmentation

60 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that inhibiting PKC-β activity with bisindolylmaleimide reduces pigmentation in the skin and hair of guinea pigs and mice by preventing tyrosinase activation.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome, rapamycin alters brain proteome and may extend survival by targeting protein kinase C.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

This study found that AtT-20 pituitary cells with higher cAMP-dependent kinase activity had larger calcium currents and significantly increased beta-endorphin release compared to cells with lower kinase activity.

Phosphatidic Acid Has Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

research Phosphatidic Acid Has a Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

46 citations , August 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that phosphatidic acid promotes hair growth by stimulating cell proliferation and protecting against apoptosis in murine hair epithelial cells, unlike lysophosphatidic acid, which showed limited effects.

Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

research Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

3 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This study found that the purified compound VB1 from Vitex negundo seeds may reduce UVA-induced skin aging by targeting MAPK1 and demonstrated its potential in mice.

research Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Molecular Insights into Skin Development in Dezhou Donkey Foals

January 2026 in “Veterinary Sciences”

In this study, researchers found that significant transcriptomic changes occur in the skin of Dezhou donkey foals as they age from newborns to one year old, involving gene expression shifts that may enhance skin barrier function and hair follicle development, while reducing collagen synthesis.

The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

research The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

9 citations , April 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study found that mutations in the Sgk3 gene cause defective hair follicle development and altered hair cycling in mice, with variable phenotypic outcomes depending on different dysfunction patterns of the SGK3 protein.

Comparison of Ruxolitinib and a Collagen-Targeted PTH-Based Hair Cycle Stimulant on Hair Follicle Counts and Hair Growth in the C3H/HeJ Engrafted Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata

research ISID1108 - Comparison of ruxolitinib and a collagen-targeted PTH-based hair cycle stimulant on hair follicle counts and hair growth in the C3H/HeJ engrafted mouse model of alopecia areata.

May 2023

In this study using C3H/HeJ mice, a single subcutaneous injection of the fusion protein PTH-CBD increased anagen hair follicle counts and promoted hair regrowth comparably to daily oral ruxolitinib, potentially by enhancing beta-catenin production and stimulating anagen transition.

research Keratin K15 as a Biomarker of Epidermal Stem Cells

85 citations , September 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review evaluates existing research on Keratin 15 to assess its validity as a marker for epidermal stem cells, reporting no new results.

In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos

research In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos (Anser cygnoides)

6 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in physiology”

This study suggests that an in ovo injection of CHIR-99021 promoted feather growth and follicle development in goose embryos by activating the Wnt signaling pathway.

research Induction of versican by ascorbic acid 2-phosphate in dermal papilla cells

22 citations , April 2006 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study reports that versican expression plays a crucial role in maintaining the anagen phase and hair inductive properties, as shown in a transgenic mouse model and hair growth assays.

research Comparative analysis of stemness between dermal papilla cells and human dermalstem/progenitor cells

April 2025 in “Cellular and Molecular Biology”

This study found that human dermal stem/progenitor cells demonstrated greater proliferation and differentiation potential than hair follicle dermal papilla cells, which showed increased expression of hair regeneration markers.

research TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

82 citations , February 2017 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology”

The TGF-β family helps control how cells change and move, affecting skin, hair, and organ development.

Differences in Cell Subsets Between Sun-Exposed and Unexposed Skin: Preliminary Single-Cell Sequencing and Biological Analysis from a Single Case

research Differences in cell subsets between sun-exposed and unexposed skin: preliminary single-cell sequencing and biological analysis from a single case

3 citations , October 2024 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This study investigated single-cell changes in photoaged skin, revealing distinct cell clusters and increased activity in PD-L1 and PD-1 pathways in sun-exposed areas, enhancing understanding of UVA-induced skin damage and potential prevention targets for photoaging and UV-induced skin cancers.

Hair Growth Stimulation Effect of Centipeda Minima Extract: Identification of Active Compounds and Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways

research Hair Growth Stimulation Effect of Centipeda minima Extract: Identification of Active Compounds and Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways

14 citations , July 2021 in “Biomolecules”

This study found that Centipeda minima extract promotes hair growth by activating Wnt/β-catenin, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells.

Procyanidin Oligomers Counteract TGF-β1- and TGF-β2-Induced Apoptosis in Hair Epithelial Cells: An Insight into Their Mechanisms

research Procyanidin Oligomers Counteract TGF-β₁- and TGF-β₂-Induced Apoptosis in Hair Epithelial Cells: An Insight into Their Mechanisms

14 citations , January 2006 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

This study found that procyanidin oligomers from apples and barley may stimulate hair growth by promoting hair epithelial cell proliferation and protecting them from apoptosis via MEK activation in a murine model.

research Regulation of Involucrin Gene Expression

138 citations , June 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This review discusses the regulation of involucrin gene expression, focusing on transcription factors and signaling pathways, and reports no new experimental findings.

research In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Development of Hair Growth Materials By Regulating the β-Catenin Signaling Pathways

February 2024 in “Journal of medicinal food”

This study reports that the β-catenin inhibitor tegatrabetan reduced hair growth and hair follicle numbers in mice, suggesting its potential as a model for developing new hair growth materials.

research Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Stabilizes Hemidesmosomes in Keratinocytes

5 citations , November 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling disrupted hemidesmosome organization in keratinocytes, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for HD-defective diseases like epidermolysis bullosa.

research Identification of key genes and signaling pathways related to Hetian sheep wool density by RNA-seq technology

7 citations , May 2022 in “PLOS ONE”

This study found that Hetian sheep with higher wool density produce more and finer wool, with key genes potentially influencing their wool growth and density.

research Case Series: Gene Expression Analysis in Canine Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada/Uveodermatologic Syndrome and Vitiligo Reveals Conserved Immunopathogenesis Pathways Between Dog and Human Autoimmune Pigmentary Disorders

20 citations , December 2020 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that certain T cell-associated genes were upregulated in dogs with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and vitiligo, suggesting a shared immunopathogenesis with humans.

Hair Growth-Promoting Effects of Enz MoriL on Human Dermal Papilla Cells Through Modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways

research Hair growth–promoting effects of Enz_MoriL on human dermal papilla cells through modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK-STAT signaling pathways

May 2024 in “Archives of dermatological research”

This study found that Enz_MoriL, a compound derived from Morus alba L., promotes hair follicle cell proliferation by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and can counteract an alopecia areata-like condition by suppressing the JAK-STAT signaling in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells.

research Type XVII collagen coordinates proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis

124 citations , July 2017 in “eLife”

This study found that COL17 deficiency in neonatal mice causes abnormal skin cell proliferation due to disrupted Wnt signaling, while replenishing or overexpressing COL17 can reverse this effect in both neonatal and aged skin.

research CXXC5: A novel regulator and coordinator of TGF-β, BMP and Wnt signaling

28 citations , November 2018 in “Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine”

This review discusses the role of the CXXC5 protein as a transcription factor and signaling coordinator, noting its involvement in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases such as tumorigenesis, but reports no new experimental findings.

Proteomic Analysis of Fetal Skin by iTRAQ Reveals Molecular Signals Underlying Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat Hair Follicle Initiation

research Proteomic analysis of fetal skin by iTRAQ reveals molecular signals underlying Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat hair follicle initiation

1 citations , February 2023 in “All Life”

This study identified proteins involved in hair follicle formation in cashmere goat embryos, highlighting potential signaling factors that may drive hair follicle initiation and cashmere growth.