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This study used advanced optical imaging techniques to investigate nanoparticle and dye penetration in human skin, finding that nanoparticles mainly resided in the stratum corneum and accumulated in skin folds and hair follicles, while highlighting that sunscreen-based nanoparticles appear unlikely to pose safety concerns.

This review compares animal and human skin characteristics in in vitro permeation studies but reports no new results, highlighting variations and the need for better model correlations.

This study found that the contribution of the hair follicle pathway to skin permeation of chemicals can be predicted using lipophilicity, with hydrophilic chemicals showing greater permeation reduction from hair follicle plugging than lipophilic ones.

This study found that finasteride microemulsions significantly increased skin permeability in vitro, highlighting the potential for enhanced delivery of this drug through the skin.

This study found that porcine skin serves as a reliable model for studying drug absorption into human hair follicles, showing a strong correlation in follicular drug absorption between porcine and human skin.

This study extended a skin diffusion model to include a porous pathway, effectively explaining the permeability of both polar and lipophilic solutes through the stratum corneum.

In this laboratory study, eucalyptus oil, menthol, and urea were found to enhance the skin permeability of minoxidil in rat skin by increasing flux and diffusion coefficients compared to untreated skin.

This study found that a finasteride topical gel formulation using propylene glycol and Tween® 80 showed significantly enhanced permeation compared to a control formulation without these enhancers.

This study reported that nanoemulsions significantly improved the skin permeability of thiocolchicoside compared to its aqueous solution, suggesting they are effective carriers for its transdermal delivery.

This study found that lipid extraction increased water diffusion in wool and hair fibers; the effect was more pronounced in hair, indicating lipids are crucial for water permeability.

In this in silico study, researchers found that the hair follicle's contribution to dermal permeability of small molecules varies with the lipophilic and hydrophilic properties of substances, highlighting the need for careful characterization of substances filling the follicular route when interpreting experimental permeability data.

This study found that 50-nm PLGA nanoparticles delivered with iontophoresis enhanced skin permeation of indomethacin in rats more effectively than 100-nm nanoparticles, suggesting improved targeting of hair follicles.

This study suggests that minoxidil may serve as a suitable reference drug for high permeability classification in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System due to its consistent permeability across different intestinal segments and pH levels.

This study reported that a novel liposomal formulation, SP-bFGF-SF-LIP, enhanced bFGF stability and skin permeability, significantly improving hair follicle recovery and wound healing in a mouse model.

This study presented a new two-dimensional model that successfully predicts transdermal permeation of caffeine, highlighting the significant role of the follicular pathway in increasing systemic bioavailability.

This study suggests that artificial sebum L may serve as an effective substitute for human sebum in drug transport studies, due to its similar physicochemical properties.

This study found that African and Caucasian hair contain the most lipids, and depletion of these lipids leads to less water retention and increased water desorption, with Caucasian hair showing improved breaking tenacity after lipid extraction.

In this study, the authors found that applying hypobaric pressure to the skin significantly increases the transdermal permeation of large molecules by enhancing diffusion, despite the associated skin stretching and hair follicle enlargement not fully explaining this effect.

This study aimed to develop a new transdermal patch for treating androgenetic alopecia using finasteride, combined with chemical permeation enhancers to improve drug delivery through the skin, but results of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaluations are not reported.

This review discusses recent advances in skin penetration mechanisms, specifically focusing on the enhanced understanding of the follicular pathway and its implications for transdermal therapies, immune system targeting, and nanoparticle safety.

This study identified several compounds from traditional Chinese medicines that may inhibit prostaglandin D2 synthase, potentially providing promising candidates for treating androgenic alopecia with minimal adverse skin reactions.

In this study, the researchers developed and optimized a curcumin nanocrystal gel to enhance skin permeability, reporting improved dissolution properties and antiproliferative effects on cell lines, suggesting it as a promising topical delivery system.

This study found that the sebum partition coefficient (K(sebum)) for some drugs differs from the stratum corneum partition coefficient (K(sc)), indicating its importance for targeted drug delivery into hair and sebaceous follicles.

This study found that coadministering minoxidil with tretinoin cream increased minoxidil absorption nearly threefold in healthy males, attributed to increased stratum corneum permeability.

This review discusses iontophoresis, low-frequency ultrasound, and microneedles for enhancing topical drug delivery in dermatological treatments and reports no clinical results; it emphasizes their mechanisms and potential uses.

In this study, extracting internal lipids from Caucasian hair fibers led to decreased water permeability, influenced by the fluidity of lipids.

This study reported that a colistin sulfate-loaded nanoemulgel showed improved antimicrobial activity and skin permeability compared to a CS solution, suggesting a potential new approach for treating severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The researchers reported that caprylic acid effectively enhances the permeability and diffusion of minoxidil through rat skin compared to other penetration enhancers.

In this study using a porcine skin model, the researchers reported that smaller curcumin nanocrystals in xanthan gum gel showed higher passive skin penetration, while larger particles achieved deeper follicular accumulation.

This study optimized efinaconazole spanlastic nanovesicles using risk management and multivariate analysis for potential transungual delivery to treat onychomycosis, achieving improved drug permeability and dissolution efficiency.