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Glossary Estrogen Receptors

proteins that bind estrogen, influencing cell behavior and function

Estrogen receptors (ER) are proteins found inside and on the surface of certain cells that bind to the hormone estrogen. When estrogen binds to these receptors, it can influence the behavior of the cell, including growth, differentiation, and function. These receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including reproductive health, bone density, and even hair growth. In medical research, ERs are significant in understanding conditions like breast cancer, where the presence of these receptors can influence treatment options.

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The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor Beta Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

research The Distribution of Estrogen Receptor β Is Distinct to That of Estrogen Receptor α and the Androgen Receptor in Human Skin and the Pilosebaceous Unit

130 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This study found that estrogen receptor beta, not alpha, is the main mediator of estrogen action in human skin and hair follicles, suggesting a distinct role in these tissues.

Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women

research Polymorphisms of the Androgen Receptor Gene and the Estrogen Receptor β Gene Are Associated with Androgen Levels in Women1

93 citations , June 2001 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism”

This study found that serum androgen levels in premenopausal women may be influenced by genetic variants of the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor β genes.

research Oestrogen receptor evaluation in Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X) on melatonin supplementation

20 citations , July 2006 in “Veterinary dermatology”

This study found that hair regrowth in Pomeranians with hair cycle arrest treated with melatonin was not associated with a change in oestrogen receptor-α staining.

research Oestrogen receptor antagonist and hair regrowth in dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X)

11 citations , January 2007 in “Veterinary dermatology”

This study found that administerating 10 mg/kg intramuscular fulvestrant did not stimulate hair regrowth in Pomeranian dogs with alopecia X, though higher doses may warrant further investigation.

Combined Oral Contraceptives Promote Androgen Receptor And Estrogen Receptor Alpha Upregulation In The Female Prostate (Skene’s Paraurethral Glands) Of Adult Gerbils (Meriones Unguiculatus)

research Combined oral contraceptives promote androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor alpha upregulation in the female prostate (Skene’s paraurethral glands) of adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

3 citations , January 2018 in “Reproduction, Fertility and Development”

This study concluded that cyproterone acetate alone produced antiandrogenic effects on the female gerbil prostate, while ethinyloestradiol alone stimulated estrogenic activity, and their combination led to prostatic lesions.

research Organizational Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Expression in Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Adult Male and Female Rats

1 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in Neuroanatomy”

This study found that neonatal blocking of androgen and estrogen pathways in rats altered sex-specific expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in adult pituitary and adrenal glands, potentially influencing lifelong neuroendocrine function.

research The Modulation of Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells by Dexamethasone: A Novel Mechanism for Selective Action of Estrogen via Estrogen Receptor Beta?

65 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that dexamethasone significantly reduced ERα mRNA levels and increased aromatase mRNA and activity in cultured human hair follicle dermal papilla cells, suggesting a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism for estradiol action.

Pharmacological Activation of Estrogen Receptors-α and -β Differentially Modulates Keratinocyte Differentiation with Functional Impact on Wound Healing

research Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptors-α and -β differentially modulates keratinocyte differentiation with functional impact on wound healing

23 citations , September 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine”

This study found that the activation of ER‑β increased keratinocyte proliferation and gene expression related to epidermal regeneration, enhancing wound healing in both cell models and rats.

research Polymorphisms in androgen and estrogen receptor genes: effects on male aging

12 citations , October 2004 in “Experimental Gerontology”

This review summarizes how common polymorphisms in androgen and estrogen receptor genes may influence aging-related symptoms and diseases in men, but it reports no new clinical results.

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric, and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor

research Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor

9 citations , January 2016 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

This study observed that estrogen receptor β and androgen receptor expressions in the skin decline with age, more noticeably under sun exposure, suggesting a role in skin aging.

The Estrogen Receptor 2 (ESR2) Gene in Female-Pattern Hair Loss: Replication of Association with rs10137185 in German Patients

research The oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene in female-pattern hair loss: replication of association with rs10137185 in German patients

4 citations , December 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study reports an association between the ESR2 gene variant rs10137185 and female-pattern hair loss in German patients.

research Minoxidil May be a Partial Agonist of Estrogen Receptor Alpha

April 2026 in “microPublication”

In this study, researchers explored whether minoxidil, a common treatment for androgenetic alopecia, may have estrogenic activity and found preliminary evidence suggesting it could act as a partial agonist of Estrogen Receptor α (ERα).

research Reproduction of the human relevant potency threshold (HRPT) for estrogen receptor alpha agonism in an inference performance screen for ICCVAM’s regulatory scientific confidence framework

October 2025 in “Frontiers in Toxicology”

This study found that a human relevant potency threshold for estrogen receptor alpha agonism may serve as a health-protective screening tool, and highlights inference performance as essential for scientific confidence frameworks.

Early Androgen Activity After Birth Determines the Hypothalamic Expression of Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Adulthood in Female but Not in Male Rats

research Early androgen activity after birth determines the hypothalamic expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in adulthood in female but not in male rats

July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology”

This study found that early postnatal androgen activity affects the long-term expression of hormone receptors differently in female Wistar rats, influencing neural system programming during development.

Complex Extract of Polygonatum Sibiricum and Nelumbinis Semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

research Complex Extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

May 2023 in “Nutrients”

This study found that a complex extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen improved menopause symptoms in an ovariectomized rat model by enhancing blood lipid metabolism and reducing osteoporosis, without increasing risks of side effects like endometriosis, unlike conventional hormone-replacement therapy.

Association Analysis of Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene (ESR2) Polymorphisms with Female Pattern Hair Loss

research Association analysis of oestrogen receptor beta gene ( ESR2 ) polymorphisms with female pattern hair loss

27 citations , October 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study builds on previous findings by associating female pattern hair loss with gene polymorphisms related to oestrogen activity, suggesting oestrogen's role in the condition.

research Patient-Reported Outcomes From Phase III Neoadjuvant Systemic Trial Comparing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Pre-Menopausal Patients With Estrogen Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative, Lymph Node-Positive Breast Cancer

1 citations , July 2021 in “Frontiers in Oncology”

This study found that patient-reported outcomes were similar between neoadjuvant endocrine therapy and chemotherapy in premenopausal breast cancer patients, but future perspective was significantly better with endocrine therapy.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogen Differentially Regulate Prolactin and Prolactin Receptor Expression in Female Human Skin and Hair Follicles In Vitro

research Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen differentially regulate prolactin and prolactin receptor expression in female human skin and hair follicles in vitro

37 citations , March 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Oestrogen and thyrotropin-releasing hormone affect prolactin and its receptor in human skin and hair, suggesting new treatment options for related conditions.

research Role of estrogen receptor signaling in the control of the hair follicle cycle

January 2004

In this study, researchers observed that estrogen and its receptors play a crucial role in hair growth and control, with notable sex-dependent differences in human scalp hair follicles.

research An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition and influences epidermal cell proliferation.

154 citations , October 1996 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

This study found that 17-beta-estradiol inhibits hair growth in mice by blocking hair follicles in the telogen phase, whereas an estrogen receptor antagonist promotes hair growth by initiating anagen.

research Hair Cycle Control by Estrogens: Catagen Induction via Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α Is Checked by ERβ Signaling

92 citations , February 2005 in “Endocrinology”

This study found that estrogen receptor beta plays a significant role in murine hair growth control, potentially acting as a silencer of estrogen receptor alpha's catagen-promoting effects.

Expression Patterns of Three Estrogen Receptor Genes During Zebrafish Development: Evidence for High Expression in Neuromasts

research Expression patterns of three estrogen receptor genes during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development: evidence for high expression in neuromasts

77 citations , April 2004 in “Gene expression patterns”

This study observed specific expression patterns of three zebrafish estrogen receptor genes during development, highlighting robust co-expression of esr2a and esr2b in primary neuromasts, branchial arches, and other tissues.

research Estrogen Receptor α, but not Estrogen Receptor β, is Involved in the Regulation of the Hair Follicle Cycling as well as the Thickness of Epidermis in Male Mice

72 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Estrogen receptor α controls hair growth cycles and skin thickness in male mice.

research Expression of estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in recent striae distensae

67 citations , December 2009 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study suggests that hormonal receptor activity in skin regions undergoing mechanical stretching may influence extracellular matrix metabolism and the formation of SD, with variations in receptor functionality throughout lesion development stages.

research 17β-Estradiol Inhibits Wound Healing in Male Mice via Estrogen Receptor-α

38 citations , May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

In this study, prolonged systemic administration of 17β-estradiol in castrated male mice delayed wound healing by inhibiting re-epithelialization and reducing collagen accumulation, with estrogen receptor-α likely mediating this effect.

research Testosterone protects female embryonic heart H9c2 cells against severe metabolic stress by activating estrogen receptors and up-regulating IES SUR2B

24 citations , October 2012 in “The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology”

In this study, testosterone protected female embryonic heart cells from metabolic stress by being converted into metabolites that activate estrogen receptors and up-regulate certain mitochondrial channel proteins.

research Association of estrogen receptor gene variants (ESR1 and ESR2) with polycystic ovary syndrome in Tunisia

9 citations , March 2020 in “Gene”

In this study, certain genetic variations in the ESR1 and ESR2 genes were strongly associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and related metabolic issues in Tunisian women.

research Polyamine Oxidase Expression Is Downregulated by 17β-Estradiol via Estrogen Receptor 2 in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

8 citations , July 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study found that in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, 17β-estradiol repressed polyamine oxidase transcription by interacting with AP-1 sites on its promoter.

research Failure of Topical Estrogen Receptor Agonists and Antagonists to Alter Murine Hair Follicle Cycling

8 citations , January 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study did not find any significant effects of estradiol or its antagonists on hair growth in two common mouse strains, challenging previous results reported by Oh and Smart.

The Expressions of Androgen Receptors and Estrogen Receptors in Bald and Non-Bald Areas of Androgenic Alopecia

research The Expressions of Androgen Receptors and Estrogen Receptors in Bald and Non-bald Area of Androgenic Alopecia

1 citations , January 2002 in “Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

This study found that androgen receptors were more prevalent in bald areas compared to non-bald areas in individuals with androgenic alopecia, suggesting a link between increased local androgen activity and hair loss.