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Glossary Neurosteroid Synthesis

Neurosteroid synthesis refers to the production of steroid hormones within the brain and nervous system, which can influence various physiological processes, including mood, cognition, and stress response. In the context of hair loss, neurosteroids may play a role in modulating hair follicle biology and the hair growth cycle, particularly through their effects on androgen receptors and local hormonal balance. Key distinguishing characteristics of neurosteroids include their ability to rapidly affect neuronal function and their synthesis from cholesterol or other steroid precursors within the central nervous system.

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research Dependence of anxiolytic effects of the dipeptide TSPO ligand GD-23 on neurosteroid biosynthesis

6 citations , July 2016 in “Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics”

This study found that GD-23, a dipeptide ligand of TSPO, exhibited an anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus maze test, which was inhibited by selective neurosteroid synthesis inhibitors, suggesting a neurosteroidogenic mechanism.

Benzothiazepines, Diltiazem, and JTV-519 Exert Anxiolytic-Like Effects via Neurosteroid Biosynthesis in Mice

research Benzothiazepines, diltiazem and JTV-519, exert an anxiolytic-like effect via neurosteroid biosynthesis in mice

1 citations , March 2020 in “Journal of Pharmacological Sciences”

This study demonstrated that benzothiazepines, such as diltiazem and JTV-519, exert anxiolytic-like effects through allopregnanolone biosynthesis in mice, similar to carbamazepine.

research 5α-Reductase Isoenzymes: From Neurosteroid Biosynthesis to Neuropsychiatric Outcomes

February 2026 in “NeuroSci”

This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the distribution of 5a-reductase isozymes and their implications for mental health, finding that inhibition of neurosteroidogenesis may contribute to anxiety, depression, and suicidality, with some patients experiencing persistent psychiatric effects from finasteride or dutasteride.

research Neurosteroids in Adult Hippocampus of Male and Female Rodents: Biosynthesis and Actions of Sex Steroids

61 citations , April 2018 in “Frontiers in endocrinology”

This review discusses the local production and role of sex steroids in the hippocampal neurons of adult rodents and reports no new experimental findings.

research The role of pregnane neurosteroids in ethanol withdrawal: behavioral genetic approaches

83 citations , January 2004 in “Pharmacology & Therapeutics”

This review explores the potential role of pregnane neurosteroids in modulating alcohol withdrawal symptoms, suggesting a therapeutic target for treating alcohol dependence, but reports no new clinical results.

The Impact of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitors on Male Sexual Function and Psychological Well-Being

research The Impact of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitors (5α-RIs) on Male Sexual Function and Psychological Well-Being

1 citations , August 2015 in “Current Sexual Health Reports”

This review examines the sexual side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride, highlighting the increased risk of erectile dysfunction, libido reduction, and potential contribution to depression without new clinical findings.

research Role of allopregnanolone biosynthesis in acute stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice

19 citations , April 2017 in “Synapse”

This study suggests that the neurosteroid allopregnanolone contributes to stress resistance in mice, and the ALLO mimetic drug alfaxalone may offer anxiolytic benefits without muscle-relaxant effects.

research Role of GABA-active neurosteroids in the efficacy of metyrapone against cocaine addiction

15 citations , June 2014 in “Behavioural Brain Research”

Neurosteroids may help metyrapone reduce cocaine addiction.

research Cytoprotective effects of paeoniflorin are associated with translocator protein 18 kDa

3 citations , July 2018 in “Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy”

This study suggests that paeoniflorin's protective effects on brain astrocytes may be mediated by TSPO and neurosteroids biosynthesis.

research Neurosteroids and epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine model: Evidence for a relationship between P450scc induction and length of the latent period

62 citations , January 2009 in “Epilepsia”

In this study, status epilepticus in rats induced P450scc in hippocampal glia, which was associated with a delayed onset of spontaneous seizures, while inhibiting neurosteroid synthesis accelerated seizure onset if P450scc was significantly increased.

research Enhanced Sensitivity to Ethanol-Induced Inhibition of LTP in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons of Socially Isolated C57BL/6J Mice: Role of Neurosteroids

19 citations , January 2011 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

The study found that social isolation in mice increases the sensitivity of their hippocampal synapses to ethanol's inhibitory effects on long-term potentiation, an effect preventable by finasteride.

research Neurosteroid allopregnanolone attenuates development of nicotine withdrawal behavior in mice

8 citations , February 2013 in “Neuroscience Letters”

This study found that pre-treatment with the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in mice reduced nicotine withdrawal symptoms, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits for nicotine dependence.

research Design, Synthesis and Anxiolytic Activity Evaluation of N-Acyltryptophanyl- Containing Dipeptides, Potential TSPO Ligands#

16 citations , November 2018 in “Medicinal Chemistry”

The authors concluded that newly synthesized N-acyl-L-tryptophanyl-isoleucine amides showed high anxiolytic activity in animal models, comparable to diazepam, through interaction with the TSPO receptor.

research Overexpression of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus produced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavioural effects

25 citations , June 2017 in “Neuropharmacology”

This study observed that overexpressing TSPO in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mice led to significant anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects, potentially mediated by increased allopregnanolone synthesis.

research Neurosteroid Synthesis-Mediated Regulation of GABA_AReceptors: Relevance to the Ovarian Cycle and Stress

238 citations , February 2007 in “Journal of Neuroscience”

This study found that neurosteroids can reorganize GABA A receptors in mice, mimicking ovarian cycle changes, with the process being mediated by neurosteroid levels rather than direct hormone receptor activation.

Treatment With and Withdrawal From Finasteride Alter Ethanol Intake Patterns in Male C57BL/6J Mice: Potential Role of Endogenous Neurosteroids

research Treatment with and withdrawal from finasteride alter ethanol intake patterns in male C57BL/6J mice: Potential role of endogenous neurosteroids?

54 citations , August 2005 in “Alcohol”

This study found that acute finasteride treatment decreased ethanol intake in male C57BL/6J mice, whereas chronic treatment showed diminished effects, implying compensatory changes in neurosteroid modulation.

research Neurosteroids Are Endogenous Neuroprotectants in an Ex Vivo Glaucoma Model

31 citations , November 2014 in “Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science”

This study reported that in rat retinas under high pressure, allopregnanolone synthesis increased and helped reduce pressure-induced damage through GABAA receptors, suggesting potential therapeutic use in glaucoma.

research Targeting neurosteroid synthesis as a therapy for schizophrenia-related alterations induced by early psychosocial stress

24 citations , May 2015 in “Schizophrenia Research”

This study found that inhibiting the enzyme 5α-reductase with finasteride counteracted stress-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in socially isolated rats by altering neuroactive steroid concentrations in the brain.

research Relating neurosteroid modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission to behaviour

18 citations , September 2021 in “Journal of Neuroendocrinology”

This review discusses how neurosteroids acting on GABAA receptors may influence behavior and explores the potential for developing selective modulators for treating psychiatric disorders, but reports no new clinical results.

Progesterone-Independent Neurosteroid Regulation of Alpha2-GABA-A Receptors in the Hippocampus Subfields

research PR-independent neurosteroid regulation of α2-GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus subfields

14 citations , March 2017 in “Brain research”

This study suggests that ovarian cycle-related progesterone and neurosteroids regulate α2-subunit expression of GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus through a pathway independent of progesterone receptors, potentially affecting brain conditions linked to the menstrual cycle.

research Neurosteroids, neuroactive steroids, and symptoms of affective disorders

82 citations , August 2006 in “Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior”

This review proposes focusing on relationships between neuroactive steroids and psychiatric disorder symptoms, rather than relying on traditional disorder classifications, and reports no new clinical findings.

research Stress-Induced Deoxycorticosterone-Derived Neurosteroids Modulate GABA_AReceptor Function and Seizure Susceptibility

269 citations , May 2002 in “Journal of Neuroscience”

This study observed that acute stress in rats increased neurosteroid levels linked to enhanced GABA(A) receptor function, raising seizure thresholds, while similar effects were seen in mice with deoxycorticosterone administration.

research Neonatal finasteride induces anxiogenic-like profile and deteriorates passive avoidance in adulthood after intrahippocampal neurosteroid administration

27 citations , May 2008 in “Neuroscience”

This study found that altering neonatal neurosteroid levels affected anxiety and aversive learning in adult rats, possibly through changes in hippocampal GABAergic functions.

research Sex-specific Difference of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Response to Sex Neurosteroids

22 citations , October 2019 in “Cerebral cortex”

This study found that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are crucial for synaptic transmission and spine density in male hippocampal neurons, suggesting sex-specific effects of neurosteroids on brain development.

research Role of neurosteroid allopregnanolone on age-related differences in exercise-induced hypoalgesia in rats

4 citations , November 2018 in “Journal of pharmacological sciences”

This study found that low-intensity exercise improved pain relief in aged rats through increased brain allopregnanolone levels, while high-intensity exercise was effective in both adult and aged rats via a different mechanism.

research Advances in Knowledge of Androgens: How Intentional and Accidental Neurosteroid Changes Inform Us of Their Action and Role

December 2020 in “Current Sexual Health Reports”

This review discusses the role of neurosteroids and androgens throughout different life stages, noting the potential disruptions caused by 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride, but no new clinical results are reported.

research Progesterone, neurosteroids, and the hormonal basis of catamenial epilepsy

30 citations , February 2003 in “Annals of Neurology”

This editorial discusses the hormonal basis of catamenial epilepsy, particularly focusing on the roles of progesterone and neurosteroids, and presents no new research findings.

Production of 5α-Reduced Neurosteroids Is Developmentally Regulated and Shapes GABA A Miniature IPSCs in Lamina II of the Spinal Cord

research Production of 5α-Reduced Neurosteroids Is Developmentally Regulated and Shapes GABA_AMiniature IPSCs in Lamina II of the Spinal Cord

88 citations , January 2004 in “Journal of Neuroscience”

This study found that inhibiting neurosteroidogenesis affected GABA A receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition in immature rats but not in adults, suggesting age-dependent modulation of synaptic strength in the spinal dorsal horn.

research Effect of neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone on the higher nervous activity of old non-human primates

March 2014 in “Human Physiology”

This study found that prolonged administration of DHEA improved long-term memory and brain activity balance in old rhesus macaques, with effects like increased motor activity and restored hair lasting a year.

research Role of Anticonvulsant and Antiepileptogenic Neurosteroids in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Epilepsy

65 citations , January 2011 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

This review summarizes the role of neurosteroids in seizure disorders and highlights the potential of neurosteroid replacement therapy in epilepsy but presents no new clinical findings.