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This review discusses the evaluation of hyperandrogenemia in women and hypogonadism in men across different life stages and presents biomarkers used for diagnosing male hypogonadism, reporting no new clinical results.

This study found that tildacerfont treatment in males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia reduced androgen levels and improved markers of testicular function, suggesting potential benefits for male reproductive health.

This review discusses the biology of spermatogenesis and male reproductive toxicology but reports no new research findings.

This study concluded that finasteride-induced DHT deficiency intensified constitutive iNOS expression in rat testicular and epididymal cells, suggesting a complex regulatory relationship needing further investigation.

Finasteride use may be linked to rare testicular tumor, but more research needed.

In this case study, a 71-year-old woman with postmenopausal hirsutism was diagnosed with a Leydig cell tumor and endometrial carcinoma, with hirsutism improving one month after surgery.

High doses of finasteride cause cell growth and tumors in mice.

An 81-year-old woman's severe male hormone symptoms were caused by an ovarian tumor, which was treated with surgery.

This case report describes a 60-year-old woman with an ovarian Leydig cell tumor leading to elevated testosterone levels and hirsutism, highlighting the need to consider androgen-secreting tumors in similar postmenopausal cases.

This case study reported that a 51-year-old woman with hirsutism and voice thickening had a Leydig cell tumor detected by PET-CT, which normalized hormone levels and resolved symptoms after surgical removal.

This case study reports that medical imaging of the ovaries may not always conclusively identify the cause of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism, as demonstrated by a patient with a rare condition.

This report describes a complex case of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism with virilization and concurrent rare ovarian tumors, highlighting the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in diagnosing and managing such challenging scenarios.

Surgery successfully treated a hidden ovarian tumor causing hair loss and excess hair growth in a postmenopausal woman.

This case report details a post-menopausal woman with hirsutism and virilization due to rare Leydig cell tumors in both ovaries, underscoring the challenge of detecting such tumors with standard imaging.

This case study describes a 15-year-old girl with a Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor who showed high androgen levels and steroidogenic responses similar to patients with polycystic ovary syndrome before surgery.

In this case series study, two Peruvian women with virilizing ovarian tumors called Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors showed clinical improvement and normalization of androgens after surgical treatment, highlighting the diagnostic challenge of these rare presentations at different ages.

This case report describes how a 68-year-old woman's hyperandrogenic symptoms improved and testosterone levels normalized after the surgical removal of an occult Leydig cell tumour.

This case report highlights the need to assess postmenopausal women with hirsutism for hyperandrogenism causes, as exemplified by a Leydig cell tumor coinciding with primary hyperparathyroidism.

This review discusses the potential carcinogenic effects of anabolic androgenic steroids, particularly regarding Leydig cell tumors, and highlights the need for preventive information campaigns due to associated health risks.

This case study reports that a virilizing Leydig cell type ovarian tumor in a 40-year-old woman caused hyperandrogenism and virilization symptoms, which improved post-surgery.

This case report discusses a postmenopausal woman whose hyperandrogenism and metabolic symptoms improved significantly after the surgical removal of an ovarian Leydig cell tumor, confirmed post-operatively.

In this case study, researchers identified a Leydig cell tumor in a 56-year-old postmenopausal woman with virilization symptoms by using ovarian vein sampling, as imaging was nonrevealing, and confirmed the tumor's location using testosterone ratios, which supported previous findings.

This case study in a 62-year-old postmenopausal woman highlights Leydig cell hyperplasia as a likely cause of hyperandrogenism of ovarian origin, where bilateral oophorectomy resolved the condition and confirmed the diagnosis through histopathological examination.

This case report illustrates that Leydig cell tumors, despite causing significantly elevated androgen levels, can be difficult to localize due to their small size, as demonstrated in a 42-year-old woman whose tumor was only identified after oophorectomy.

In this case study, a 62-year-old woman with severe hyperandrogenism underwent a clomiphene test, which suggested an ovarian origin for her condition, leading to the discovery of a Leydig cell tumor after a bilateral oophorectomy.

This case report describes a rare instance of a Chinese Crested dog with leukocyte chimerism, normal female external genitalia, and hormonally active Sertoli cell tumors, demonstrating surgery as a curative treatment option.

This review discusses the structure and function of the testes in male reproduction and development, noting the complex hormonal regulation within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis but reports no new clinical results.

This chapter reviews the role of the testes in producing and functioning of testicular androgens and protein hormones, but it presents no new clinical results.

This review discusses the roles of the transcription factor SOX9 in organ development and maintenance, providing insights into its regulation and diverse functions, but reports no new experimental results.

This case study discussed a postmenopausal female with androgenic alopecia and hirsutism due to a Leydig cell tumor, suggesting the importance of further workup in women with severe hirsutism or androgenic alopecia.